Causes of the black death

There are a few reasons with respect to why the Romans picked London as a settlement these incorporate land, the Romans were superb constructors in this way they required a lot of land to fabricate their Empire. Another explanation was that they saw a waterway (presently known as the River Thames). The Romans understood that this waterway could be amazingly valuable from multiple points of view, for example, water for development and endurance, transport to get starting with one area then onto the next and for exchange, with the stream ships from everywhere throughout the world would have the option to get to this point to exchange an assortment of things for example silver to make adornments and coins, fleece to make garments, they additionally imported silk from China to beautify attire and some more. By bringing in stock from different nations the Romans had the option to increase their expectations of living and have numerous extravagances. In roughly 50AD the Romans named London ‘Londinium'. Londinium was delegated capital of England there were two principle purposes behind this since the River Thames was in London for exchanges despite everything coming, and in light of the fact that they had a solid barrier in Londinium as they settled in the north bank of the River Thames where two slopes secured them which gave them better prospects in war. It was fundamental for the Romans to have a splendid barrier in light of the fact that there were still Celtics meandering around who were continually attempting to win back land with ruthless power, for example, the assault of Queen Boudicca in 61 AD who set Londinium ablaze she was portrayed as: â€Å"Very tall, the look of her eye generally furious; her voice unforgiving. An extraordinary mass of the reddest hair tumbled down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying.† By the 1300s London's populace had developed to 80,000 numerous things had changed London was an advancing city. During the 1300s there were an assortment reasons individuals chose to settle in London. London was an improving city with numerous appealing structures, there were heaps of occupation accessible for all, for example, cultivating, tannery working, angling and that's only the tip of the iceberg, for diversion there were several performance centers to visit, there were incalculable number of Cathedrals to visit and London had simple vehicle in view of the River Thames alongside the London Bridge. Medieval London was comprised of tight and curved boulevards, and most of structures were produced using truly combustible materials, for example, wood and straw, which made fire a steady danger. Cleanliness in London was terribly needy individuals weren't cognizant about their wellbeing they disposed of trash in any case they tossed out their loss without caring where it fell. The houses would have had none of the things we acknowledge as typical today †no running water, no toilets, no showers and washing bowls. Cleanser was incredible and as was cleanser. Individuals would have been secured with earth, insects and lice. Beds were basically straw stuffed sleeping pads and these would have pulled in lice, bugs and a wide range of bugs. Washing would be uncommon in any event, for the rich, rich individuals may have had a shower a couple of times each year! Your can would have been a wooden can which would have been exhausted into the closest waterway toward the beginning of the day your water gracefully would likewise originate from a similar stream. Families would have cooked and rested in a similar room. Kids would have rested in a space if the cruck house was large enough. Around evening time, any creature you claimed would be brought inside for wellbeing. There were various purposes behind this. To begin with, wild creatures meandered the open country. Britain despite everything had wolves and bears in the backwoods and these could undoubtedly have taken a pig, dairy animals or chickens. The loss of any creature could be a calamity yet the loss of significant creatures, for example, a bull would be a fiasco. Whenever left outside around evening time they could likewise have been taken or essentially have strayed. On the off chance that they were inside your home, none of these would occur and they were sheltered. Be that as it may, they probably made the house much more filthy than it as a rule would have been as none of these creatures would have been house-prepared. They would have additionally gotten bugs and flies and so on expanding the unhygienic idea of the house. A portion of the settlement factors individuals would search for in the fourteenth century were top notch occupation offered for all, for example, for example, bread shop, leatherworking, blacksmithing, woodworkers, armorers, bowyers/fletchers and swordsmithing. Individuals picked places which looked eye-getting and there was an agreeable spot to visit and People would need better and improved vehicle just as splendid security and reasonable laws. The Black Death began in Europe when the Genoese chose to get away from the plague by escaping from Caffa (where the Black Death started from). The Genoese boarded their boats and set sail for Italy conveying rodents, escapes and the Black Death with them. The Black Death transmitted when a bug drank a rodent's blood that conveyed the yersina pestis (plague germs). The yersina pestis would increase until the bug's gut was obstructed with it. The insect would then nibble a human catapulting the rodent's blood away from any detectable hindrance wound the human would then be tainted. This cycle carried on until the lives of 50 million individuals were taken from them in Europe clearing out portion of London's populace. It is said that the that the It was basic for the Black Death to spread in London since Hygiene in London was terribly poor as appeared in the fourth passage there was a great deal of blockage since London was horrendously overpopulated and houses were all the while being created individuals would cook, eat, rest and go to the latrine in a similar room which implied a ton of germs. All in all I believe that the settlement of London helped the plague to spread during the 1300s as a result of different reasons including a considerable lot of the reasons appeared above fundamentally since the kind of individuals that who settled there, and the way that they had no sewage for their loss to go to. In any case, I feel that if the individuals in London as well as all around the globe were progressively caution and mindful of germs and cleanliness then the Black Death could never have begun.

Social Conflicts The House Of The Spirits English Literature Essay free essay sample

Clashes are significant for the improvement of the mystery plan in a dramatization or a novel. A battle is a contrast between thoughts, musings, decides or individuals that emerges from a distinction of assumptions and consequently cultural battles are contrasts between family units, companions, connections and social orders. Discoursed are words expressed by characters in a book or a show and it is a strategy that has been utilized by the two essayists to pass on out battle since it draws out the sentiments of various characters in the books. In this exposition I expect to demo how the creators have depicted cultural battles through the utilization of duologue. Social battles are appeared to hold been brought about by cultural classifications in the House of the Spirits since we can obviously observe from the earliest starting point that there is a fight between the higher and the lower classification for power. For outline we see battles between the supporter and the provincials of Tres Marias since the benefactor thinks the provincials are non meriting anything and can non take obligation of any work. We will compose a custom paper test on Social Conflicts The House Of The Spirits English Literature Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is demonstrated when Esteban and Pedro Segundo Garcia have a duologue ; The left , he said What s your name? Pedro Segundo Garcia, sir, the grown-up male answered I am the visitor here at this point. The gathering s overaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I do nt want any defaulters or shrewd alecks around, you get it? [ 1 ] From the above quote we see that Esteban imagines that the individuals from lower class are idlers and do non want to buckle down. We can encounter the endurance in Esteban s voice when he is addressing the provincials. The battle between the higher class and the lower classification is appeared from the way that the higher classification could make anything without holding the trepidation of being gotten. An outline of that is the point at which the creator says ; The provincials concealed their young ladies and gripped their clench hands barrenly on the grounds that they could non face him. Esteban Trueba was more grounded, and he had exemption. [ 2 ] From this the creator insights us about the force upper class position accompanies and that s why Esteban could make anything and along these lines provincials concealed their young ladies from Esteban. Family battles in The House of the alcohols are depicted as the cadence of power in the book. The Trueba family unit and the Garcia family unit at any point had harrowing dealingss in the book. This is other than brought out through duologue, for delineation when Alba was captured by Esteban Garcia we see the undermentioned duologue ; I need to venture out to the washroom, Alba rehashed I see you are only every piece resolved as your gramps, Garcia said [ 3 ] Garcia discloses to Alba that she is each piece tenacious as her gramps who is Esteban Trueba, this gives us that there still exists a rancorous connection between the two family units and Esteban Garcia needed to take reprisal of what Trueba did on her granddaughter. The beat of power is other than demonstrated when Alba says ; A while later the grandson of the grown-up female who was assaulted rehashes the signal with the granddaughter of the raper, and perhaps 40 mature ages from now my grandson will strike hard Garcia s young lady down among the scrambles Family battles in Antigone are depicted as contrast in opinions on the grounds that the way the clashing characters used to take a gander at things or judge them in the dramatization was non the equivalent. As we probably am aware they are contrasts in conclusions among Antigone and her sister, Ismene what's more among Antigone and Creon. We other than observe thumps among Creon and his kid Haemon. First the battle among Antigone and Ismene brought out two differentiating grown-up females of that cut. Ismene who was depicted by the author as a perfect grown-up female of that cut and keeping in mind that Antigone was depicted as the specific antonym of Ismene. This can be appeared in one of the duologues where Ismene says, In the event that we break the statute and bones for it, Our disgrace will last everlastingly. Womans are non made to strife work powers. [ 4 ] To which Antigone reacts by expressing, You ve made your pick however I will cover him, Furthermore, I will invite expire in making it. [ 5 ] From this we can obviously observe that Ismene is hesitant and is frightened to intrude on the Torahs made by the work powers who she believes are better than her. Though Antigone is of a self-declaring nature and is non terrified to interfere with the Torahs to comply with the Gods and regard the dead. The battle among Ismene and Antigone was brought out through the development of the duologues. All through the announcement we to a great extent observe long addresss from Antigone while Ismene simply talks her point in one line. This gives us that Antigone was sure of her base and was non heading out to underwrite out of her program yet on the different manus Ismene was non intrigued with what Antigone said and thought she is mediocre and subsequently she ought to non intrude on the statute. This truly draws out the distinction in the estimations of the two grown-up females and henceforth I accept that is the thing that caused the battle. The battle among Antigone and Creon was depicted as struggle between grown-up male and grown-up female since Creon could nt acknowledge licking from a grown-up female. Fitting to me this battle brought out subject of male patriotism since Creon could nt recognize that a grown-up female had broken the statute and was going against the work powers. This is indicated when Creon says ; At the point when I am alive no grown-up female will oversee [ 6 ] Other than I might suspect this battle drew out the fight between the Torahs made by Creon and the Torahs of God. This can be found in the show when Antigone says ; Your statute. Not the holy law. The Gods. That guideline among the dead have given no Such declaration. A grown-up male can non clear out The Torahs unwritten. Can non adjust the perpetual [ 7 ] This gives us that Antigone accepts that the Torahs made by god give everybody an appropriate for legitimate internment yet Creon on the different manus trusts Polyneices is a treasonist and does nt hold a to be covered. Creon s assurance can be defended to a limited degree by the way that he is the male ruler and henceforth he can non let individual bias to hinder his judgments. The creator makes two images male and female through the battle among Creon and Antigone by depicting two distinctive genders fighting against one another and consequently this battle truly takes the signifier of male versus female in the book. So also there is a picture of a male jerk condition in The House of the Spirits which other than draws out this cultural battle. As we as a whole realize that Nivea used to keep mass gatherings with other individual grown-up females to battle for the privilege of grown-up females. The way that it was a male jerk condition can be demonstrated when Ferula and Esteban state the adherents in the book ; I would wish to hold been brought into the world a grown-up male, so I could go forward too much she stated, brimming with contempt What's more, I would non hold got a kick out of the chance to be a grown-up female, he said [ 8 ] This shows grown-up females at that clasp were non permitted to go out and work and populate their ain lives similar to the occurrence with Ferula who needs to take care of her female parent in light of her sexual orientation. The likeness of this battle ( male patriotism ) in the two books brings out two comparable characters in the two books and they are Creon and Esteban Trueba. The two of them accept that grown-up females should take care of the house and bring up kids and ought to non be remembered for the purported undertakings of the work powers. This is appeared by the authors of the two books, for outline when Creon says ; In the event that I should fall, a grown-up male will pass on me down, Allow nobody to state, Creon gave his capacity to a grown-up female [ 9 ] Sophocles brings out forceful feelings of Creon through this quote which give us that Creon can non acknowledge licking from a grown-up female. I trust Creon was rankled and his affirmation was hit when a grown-up female tested him and confronted him valiantly. Other than in the House of the Spirits Esteban Trueba says ; Their obligation is parenthood and the spot. At the rate they re voyaging, the accompanying thing you know they ll be asking to be delegates, Judgess even President of the Republic! [ 10 ] Esteban accepts that grown-up females do non hold any work outside spots and their solitary work is to deliver children and articulation after them which truly draws out his male jerk character. This discloses to us that both Esteban and Creon had similar situations about grown-up females and this drove them to attack the intensity of grown-up females and in both book it is obviously seeable that both work powers are influenced gigantically by the grown-up females in their lives. To summarize I think duologue has played an extremely huge capacity in passing on out cultural battles in the two books since it has drawn out the feelings and the thoughts of characters in the books which help the peruser to cognize what going on in the characters mind at that particular clasp and in this way it is simpler for perusers to break down the reason and the kineticss of various cultural battles.

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.?? According to this school of thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner regardless of internal mental states.?? According to this perspective, only observable behavior should be consideredâ€"cognitions, emotions, and moods are far too subjective. Strict behaviorists believed that any person can potentially be trained to perform any task, regardless of genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts (within the limits of their physical capabilities). It only requires the right conditioning. Verywell / Jiaqi Zhou A Brief History of Behaviorism Behaviorism was formally established with the 1913 publication of John B. Watsons classic paper, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.?? It is best summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered the father of behaviorism: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might selectâ€"doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. Simply put, strict behaviorists believe that all behaviors are the result of experience. Any person, regardless of his or her background, can be trained to act in a particular manner given the right conditioning. From about 1920 through the mid-1950s, behaviorism grew to become the dominant school of thought in psychology. Some suggest that the popularity of behavioral psychology grew out of the desire to establish psychology as an objective and measurable science. Researchers were interested in creating theories that could be clearly described and empirically measured but also used to make contributions that might have an influence on the fabric of everyday human lives. Types of Conditioning There are two major types of conditioning: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a technique frequently used in behavioral training in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the naturally occurring stimulus, even without the naturally occurring stimulus presenting itself. The associated stimulus is then known as the conditioned stimulus and the learned behavior is known as the conditioned response.?? Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. When a desirable result follows an action, the behavior becomes more likely to occur again in the future. Responses followed by adverse outcomes, on the other hand, become less likely to happen again in the future.?? What Should Know About Behavioral Psychology Strengths Focuses on observable, measurable behaviors Scientific and replicable Useful for modifying behaviors in the real-world Useful applications in therapy, education, parenting, child care Weaknesses Does not account for biological influences Does not consider moods, thoughts, or feelings Does not explain all learning Learning can occur through associations. In physiologist Ivan Pavlovs classic experiments, dogs associated the presentation of food (something that naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response) with the sound of a bell, at first, and then the sight of a lab assistants white coat. Eventually, the lab coat alone elicited a salivation response from the dogs.?? The classical conditioning process works by developing an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Different factors can influence the classical conditioning process. During the first part of the classical conditioning process, known as acquisition, a response is established and strengthened. Factors such as the prominence of the stimuli and the timing of presentation can play an important role in how quickly an association is formed. When an association disappears, this is known as extinction, causing the behavior to weaken gradually or vanish. Factors such as the strength of the original response can play a role in how quickly extinction occurs. The longer a response has been conditioned, for example, the longer it may take for it to become extinct.?? Learning can also occur through rewards and punishments. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner described operant conditioning as the process in which learning can occur through reinforcement and punishment.?? More specifically, by forming an association between a certain behavior and the consequences of that behavior, you learn. For example, if a parent rewards their child with praise every time they pick up their toys, the desired behavior is consistently reinforced. As a result, the child will become more likely to clean up messes. Reinforcement schedules are important in operant conditioning. This process seems fairly straight forwardâ€"simply observe a behavior and then offer a reward or punishment. However, Skinner discovered that the timing of these rewards and punishments has an important influence on how quickly a new behavior is acquired and the strength of the corresponding response.?? Continuous reinforcement involves rewarding every single instance of a behavior. It is often utilized at the beginning of the operant conditioning process. But as the behavior is learned, the schedule might switch to one of partial reinforcement. This involves offering a reward after a number of responses or after a period of time has elapsed. Sometimes, partial reinforcement occurs on a consistent or fixed schedule. In other instances, a variable and an unpredictable number of responses or time must occur before the reinforcement is delivered. Several thinkers influenced behavioral psychology. In addition to those already mentioned, there are a number of prominent theorists and psychologists who left an indelible mark on behavioral psychology. Among these are Edward Thorndike, a pioneering psychologist who described the law of effect, and Clark Hull, who proposed the drive theory of learning.?? There are a number of therapeutic techniques rooted in behavioral psychology. Though behavioral psychology assumed more of a background position after 1950, its principles still remain important. Even today, behavior analysis is often used as a therapeutic technique to help children with autism and developmental delays acquire new skills. It frequently involves processes such as shaping (rewarding closer approximations to the desired behavior) and chaining (breaking a task down into smaller parts and then teaching and chaining the subsequent steps together).?? Other behavioral therapy techniques include aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, token economies, modeling, and contingency management. Behavioral psychology has some strengths. Behaviorism is based on observable behaviors, so it is sometimes easier to quantify and collect data when conducting research. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, behavior analysis, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.?? It also has some weaknesses. Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior. Critics of behaviorism suggest that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.?? Also, it does not account for other types of learning that occur without the use of reinforcement and punishment. Moreover, people and animals can adapt their behavior when new information is introduced even if that behavior was established through reinforcement. Behavioral psychology differs from other perspectives. One of the major benefits of behaviorism is that it allowed researchers to investigate observable behavior in a scientific and systematic manner. However, many thinkers believed it fell short by neglecting some important influences on behavior. Freud, for example, felt that behaviorism failed by not accounting for the unconscious minds thoughts, feelings, and desires that influence peoples actions. Other thinkers, such as Carl Rogers and the other humanistic psychologists, believed that behaviorism was too rigid and limited, failing to take into consideration personal agency. More recently, biological psychology has emphasized the power of the brain and genetics play in determining and influencing human actions. The cognitive approach to psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, decision-making, language, and problem-solving. In both cases, behaviorism neglects these processes and influences in favor of studying just observable behaviors.?? One of the greatest strengths of behavioral psychology is the ability to clearly observe and measure behaviors. Weaknesses of this approach include failing to address cognitive and biological processes that influence human actions. A Word From Verywell While the behavioral approach might not be the dominant force that it once was, it has still had a major impact on our understanding of human psychology. The conditioning process alone has been used to understand many different types of behaviors, ranging from how people learn to how language develops. But perhaps the greatest contributions of behavioral psychology lie in its practical applications. Its techniques can play a powerful role in modifying problematic behavior and encouraging more positive, helpful responses. Outside of psychology, parents, teachers, animal trainers, and many others make use of basic behavioral principles to help teach new behaviors and discourage unwanted ones.

Beowulf Reader Response - 1459 Words

The poem begins with a discussion about Shield Sheafson , who was the king of the Thanes. He was a baby whose parents abandoned him and rose to the top. After Sheafson died, his son Beow became king in his place. Once he died, Hrothgar became the ruler of the Thanes. Hrothgar brought fortune and success to the Thanes and in celebration of it he built a hall called Hereot, where he and his men gathered for festivities. For a good amount of time the Danes enjoyed peace until one Grendel, who was descendant of Cain, attacked the hall and killed thirty men when they fell asleep. Grendel continued these attacks for twelve winters. After all this time, word begins to spread throughout kingdoms. Beowulf, who is the best warrior in the world,†¦show more content†¦He throws the hilt and the head on the ground showing him they she was killed and they can feel safe again. Hrothgar promises Beowulf more treasures and another banquet in the morning. After the banquet Beowulf urges that h e and his men return home. Hrothgar Praises Beowulf again and tells his that he has reunited the Danes. He gives Beowulf twelve treasures and tells him to come back to Denmark even though Hrothgar knows he will never see Beowulf again. Beowulf sets sail back to Geatland and go back to the hall of Hygelac. Beowulf and his men return home, and go to the hall of King Hygelac and Queen Hygd. The Geats are preparing for their arrival since they heard news that Beowulf was coming home. They warriors and Beowulf receive a warm welcome. After Beowulf tells the story of what happened during his journey, he gives the king and queen a large part of his treasure. In return for all his good deeds, Hygelac gives him treasure and a piece of his own land to rule. Some time passes and king Hygelac is killed in a battle with the Shylfings. Beowulf becomes kings and rules for fifty years. A thief then steals a gem covered goblet and the furious dragon that has protected the treasure for over three hun dred years becomes enraged, torching villages to pieces. Beowulf’s own hall then becomes target and is burned to the ground. After all this time, Beowulf has to face one last obstacle. He sends elevenShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1111 Words   |  5 PagesAncestry plays an important part in Beowulf, it is the blood that the characters carry that decides their fate. To try to deny destiny, is both courageous yet, for some it is futile. Beowulf’s most conflicting character is Grendel, throughout the story you may feel pity for him, and other times you feel hatred for him. Grendel live in a marshy swamp, and is a descendant of Cain, who killed his own blood brother, Abel, out of jealousy. To pay for this ultimate sin, Cain s whole clan was condemnedRead MoreDavid Maloufs Hero in Ransom1215 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional form is that of narrative heroic poetry. One such example being the eight century poem Beowulf. Which when tied and co mpared to a much more modern take on the traditional hero genre in the form of David Malouf’s â€Å"ransom† showcase the different ways in which the hero trope can be explored. Throughout both these texts, the author directs and challenges the readers ideas of heroism. Within Beowulf especially where the traditional ideals of being a hero are challenged and reformed, to createRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesOne may express that today’s cultural values differ than those who lived â€Å"back then† but the response to that ideology is, does one value loyalty? Among the many values of the Anglo-Saxons, such as bravery, truth, and honor, above them all stands loyalty. 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In a short essay, tell whyRead MoreThe Roles Of Compressions In The Epic Of Beowulf812 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough generations. Throughout the epic poem of Beowulf, digressions are presented through the concept of giving advice or remembrance to their ancestors. The digressions within the epic poem are at times ambiguous. However, they play a large role in the underlying perception for the character’s actions. The digression that illustrates the story of King Finn was implemented to uncover the uncertainly of Hrothgar’s Queen, Wealhtheow. Though Beowulf was a mighty hero and savior for Heorot and the

Essay about E.E. Cummings The Birth of Modern Poetry

â€Å"The greatest poets are those with memories so great that they extend beyond their strongest experiences to their minutest observations of people and things far outside their own self-centeredness.† This quote said by Stephen Spender depicts a great poet as someone who utilizes their past observations to increase their knowledge about people, nature, love, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. Cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of both positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummings’s poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern†¦show more content†¦Blackmur, a literary critic, criticized E.E. Cummings’s poetry stating, â€Å"There is a great big moral vacuum at the heart of E.E. Cummings’s poetry.† (Roberts 256) Other critics also re probated his work by stating that there were no morals or lessons gained from reading his poetry. Another critic, Louise Bogan, remarked, â€Å"It is the deletion of the tragic that makes Cummings’s joy childish and his anger petulant.† (Roberts 256) Bogan stated that because there is no plot or lesson to Cummings’s poetry, his joy is childish and his anger is grouchy. Another asset of his poetry that was heavily criticized was his unique style of writing. The contemporary writing style was very unfamiliar to his readers at that time. In his poem â€Å"Snow†, Cummings incorporates his unique writing style along with his typographical errors: â€Å"Emarkable /s)h? /ya /(from n/o(into whe)re f / ind).† (Thompson 2) Despite the confusion and difficulty to read and comprehend the poem, Cummings sought to promote a diverse lesson with his usage of separated letters and other punctuation marks in order to create verbal movements and cause the reader to c ontemplate (Webster 15). E.E. Cummings’s audacity to ignore the biased criticisms of critics and develop a contemporary writing style has made him one of the most baffling, yet eminent poets of the 20th century. E.E. Cummings’s love poetry has modeled the modern views of love. Known to be a radical poet, Cummings appalled many criticsShow MoreRelatedEssay about E.E. Cummings612 Words   |  3 PagesEdward Estlin Cummings is a famous poet and novelist. A true man of the arts, he also enjoyed playwrights, painting, and drawing. His lifetime lasting from 1894-1962 was vivaciously lived! He spent a large portion of his life in his birth state, Massachusetts, although certain life events lead him beyond the United States. Cummings served in the U.S. Army during World War I, and was a volunteer in an ambulance unit as well. A great portion of his life was also dedicated to his Harvard educationRead More The Poetry of e.e. cummings Essay3340 Words   |  14 PagesThe P oetry of e.e. cummings The poems to come are for you and for me and are not for most people. --its no use trying to pretend that mostpeople and ourselves are alike. Mostpeople have less in common with ourselves than the squarerootofminusone. You and I are human beings;mostpeople are snobs. Take the matter of being born. What does being born mean to mostpeople? Catastrophe unmitigated. Socialrevolution. The cultured aristocrat yanked out of his hyperexclusively ultravoluptuous superpalazzoRead More Time in Thomas’ Fern Hill and Cummings’ anyone lived in a pretty how town3549 Words   |  15 Pagesis lost; poetically speaking,†¦time is regained in the act of visionary creation (Crewe 400). Poetry allows for the capture of a moment in time otherwise lost in the blink of an eye. British poet Dylan Thomas and American poet E.E. Cummings have both been noted for the recurring themes of passage of time in their poetry. In Thomas’ Fern Hill and Cummings’ anyone lived in a pretty how town, both modern poets utilize a juxtaposition of paradoxes to express the irrevocable passage of time and theRead MoreThe Disenchanted Research Paper3448 Words   |  14 PagesFitzgerald’s life and work were in a knot from the start; his profession spanne d one of the most tumultuous eras of the century, and from the very start he was the creator and the victim of the new culture of celebrity which accompanied the rise of modern technology. Budd Schulberg masterfully created a character that closely and in many ways represents Fitzgerald in his later years; Manley Halliday is that character. â€Å"His mind’s eye, incurably bifocal, could never stop searching for the fairy-tale

Alternative Dispute Resolution Free Essays

Man has always sort ways of dealing with conflicts and disputes among members of the society in a just and fair manner. Alternative dispute resolution is one among the conflict resolution methods which have gained much acceptance from the public in the recent years. The process involves any form of dispute resolution technique that does not follow the legal judicial process provisions of the law (Maclaury, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Dispute Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is however worth noting that due to the increasing acceptance of alternative dispute resolution by legal professions, some legal courts allow for its use before a case is tried. Such are viable measures in ensuring equitable justice in resolving disputes between parties. They also provide an efficient and highly cost effective way of resolving disputes. To be realized here is the fact that, of all the existing types of alternative dispute resolution methods, none is applicable to victims of capital crimes (Mareschal, 2002). The author of this paper gives a discussion on alternative dispute resolution, its history and the different forms or methods it takes. The author also takes a look on the alternative dispute options as accepted in the modern society and how they have influenced the process of executing equitable justice between disputing parties. History of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) The history of alternative dispute resolution is as old as the history of man (Mackie, 2001). Disagreements have always existed among people in the society. However, the modern history of ADR in the American society is evidently marked with the 1960s political and civil conflicts (Banks, 2008). Such conflicts led to the implementation of human rights laws thus giving the people legal provisions for compensation on ill treatment. This was found to increase the number of legal suits in our courts of justice, a factor which led to the popular appreciation of meditation and arbitration as viable ways of resolving dispute. This did not only ensure justice but much reduced the case load in the court system. Alternative dispute resolution techniques There are mainly four type of ADR. First is negotiation. This technique of conflict resolution involves only the type disputing parties voluntarily seeking a solution to their dispute (New York State Unified Court System, 2009). Mediation is another form of dispute resolution technique which mainly involves a third party who chairs the resolution process. It is however to be noted here that the mediator might suggest a solution to the dispute but does not have the legal/moral authority to impose it to the parties. This method is commonly used in resolving civil and ethnic conflicts within a nation or conflicts between nations. The third method of alternative dispute resolution is the collaborative law. This technique is characterized by the fact that it involves attorneys representing the disputing parties (Mareschal, 2002). The legal professionals are tied by the contractual terms signed with their clients and thus are always acting in the interests of their respective party. Arbitration is another commonly used technique of ADR. This form of resolution process is differentiated from negotiation in that it involves a third party. Another difference of arbitration from other forms of ADR is that the third party imposes a resolution to the problem. It is due to this reason that such a technique is usually used if the disputing parties had allowed for such in their contract (Maclaury, 2005). Due to the unfairness that could arise from such imposed resolutions, it is a common provision for parties to appeal in the courts of justice. It should however be noted that there are other forms of ADR such as case evaluation, which involves evaluation of the positions of the parties by a third party. The evaluator then gives an assessment of the possible decision that could be made in the law courts. Such evaluations by a legal expert are made to influence the parties in resolving to settle the case outside the law courts. It is still to be noted that family conferences are another ADR technique as it strengthens the mutual relationships between family members thus reducing incidences of ill-treatment among them (Banks, 2008). Courts or individual parties can select a neutral party who contacts a fact searching investigation on the dispute. This technique is mainly applied in resolving intellectual property disputes. Lastly, ADR can take a form in which an organization selects a third party who oversees the resolution of its disputes with complaints. Changes and options provided in ADR Traditional ADR techniques involved the constant physical involvement of the parties in resolution process. It has however been evident that most modern ADR techniques like meditation and arbitration allow for the founding of a resolution by the third party in the absence of the disputing parties (Banks, 2008). Another change in ADR is seen in arbitration. Traditional arbitrations involved a member of the governing authority as the third party who imposes the resolution to the dispute (Center for Democracy and Governance, 1998). However, this has changed in that modern arbitration process has a neutral commercial vendor as the third party. This party should not have strong social or political influence in the process. This avoids imposition of unfair resolutions to the disputing parties. Another change of ADR techniques in the modern society is the legal provisions for appeal by the parties in the event of failure to resolve the dispute outside courtrooms. It is however to be noted that, following the legal provisions for ADR, rules and regulations have been developed thus making the process more reliable. It is due to this reason that such dispute resolution techniques are gaining much acceptance in the public domain. Courts have evidently employed such techniques as neutral fact finding in seeking to identify the underlying facts behind the dispute. Such testimonies have a great impact in ensuring fair and just judgments in our courts. ADR has a number of options. The first is the fact that the two parties involve in the resolution process on voluntary basis (Maclaury, 2005). Even arbitration requires for a legal binding provision on the contract signing to be executed. Another option is that the parties are free to agree or disagree on the disputed matter and can seek judicial justices as an appeal. It is however to be noted that ADR resolution once agreed upon by the two parties are legally binding and violation by any party is subject to the law. Conclusion ADR has been one way of settling disputes between parties in a contract agreement. This is also applied in disputes involving neglect of a legal responsibility by one party over another. It is however to be realized that such dispute resolution techniques have gained much acceptance in the community due to the increasing respect for human rights space in the modern society. This has also been attributed to the fact that ADR has been legally recognized by our judicial systems. References Banks, S. (2008). ADR and Litigation Involving Social Problems. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35, 71-97. Center for Democracy and Governance. (1998). Alternative Dispute Resolution Practitioners’ Guide. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www. usaid. gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnacb895. pdf Mackie, K. (2001). A Handbook of Dispute Resolution; ADR in Action. New York: Routledge. Maclaury, J. (2005). Alternative Dispute Resolution. Monthly Labor Review, 128, 46-137. Mareschal, P. (2002). Introduction: New Frontiers in Alternative Dispute Resolution. International Journal of Public Administration, 25, 67-101. New York State Unified Court System (2009). Alternative Dispute Resolution. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www. courts. state. ny. us/ip/adr/What_Is_ADR. shtml How to cite Alternative Dispute Resolution, Papers Alternative Dispute Resolution Free Essays Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a mean used or applied by the parties who wish to settle their disputes or differences outside courtroom. When a learning team decides to resolve disputes, disagreements or differences among learning team members, it can use optional ADR clause. The clause is normally used when the matter is not resolved through negotiation and is recommended to the team by the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR). We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Dispute Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the disputes subjected to ADR are: Personal confrontation, dispute over goals, disagreement over methods, means and routines, dispute expected as health interaction etc. Disputes arise when team members think only of themselves, compete with one another, criticize teammates and blame someone else for wrongdoing. Dispute is endemic in organizational life and research shows that â€Å"conflict can often be a means by which teams learn to work together effectively.† (Charles, 2001) The provisions necessary for ADR to occur  Ã‚  Ã‚   includes: If a team member expresses dissatisfaction with the recommendation of the team, if a member expresses dissatisfaction with a decision made by the team, if a member is dissatisfied with teams’ determination to solve a dispute, then they may submit the entire dispute to the ADR clause. Though ADR helps the parties to settle the disputes, for the process to work effectively then; Team members must agree to work with dispute that affect interpersonal relationships of the team and accept the dispute as it exists. Members should progressively learn how to discuss issues vigorously, handle each member and engage in arguments without feeling as if they are personally attacked. They should emphasize on dialogue between the members, avoid gossip and make sure not to expose team discussions outside.   The public policy reasons for enforcing the clause should be good.The ADR clause must go much further than coming up with a simple agreement to negotiate. The intention of the members should be mutual and the litigation should be treated as the last alternative.   ADR need to be applied as the last resort when the team fails to reach an agreement to settle their differences. References Charles A. Cooper, (2001) Alternative Dispute Resolution Practice Guide. New York: Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Company. Nancy F. Atlas, (2000) Alternative Dispute Resolution. New York: American Bar Association. How to cite Alternative Dispute Resolution, Papers

Marketing Management Updated Management Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Updated Management Strategies. Answer: Introduction This era is no doubt proving itself to be one of the most important and useful eras for business as well as marketing. Whatever industry, business or organization it is, the management and the updated strategies are obviously much more beneficial for that particular industry, organization or business. The highly qualified and skilled employees, management and their working process are undoubtedly useful for the business and organizations of this generation. All these latest and more reliable strategies are taken by each and every organization's whether it is a large-scale organization or a small scale organization. Instead of all these ideas and strategies, there are still some specific troubles that the companies and the management of the companies are facing nowadays. These troubles can also be regarded as the ethical issues of marketing. The issues or the problems that the companies are facing with their marketing strategies are mainly known as the ethical issues of those particul ar companies. The following assignment deals with the various aspects of the ethical issues of marketing, its impact on many different companies and how the management of the company deals with these kinds of issues. These issues include some most important aspect of the company such as the promotion, advertising, and loyalty with the customers, behavioral aspect, and many others. Similarly, it is also true that the companies are also implementing modified strategies in order to prevent these ethical issues. The following discussion will obviously help to gather more knowledge about the ethical issues of marketing, their impact and their preventions. Ethical issues in marketing field Whatever company it is, marketing is the most important aspect for the company to run their business successfully(Barnett and Valentine, 2004). The marketing procedure can also be regarded as the soul aspect of any organization. Thus it is the target of every company to perform a more efficient and reliable marketing. Marketing strategies include basically the product analysis, pricing strategies, promotional strategies, placement and some other important aspect. Though this is the most important part of any business the companies often face some specific issues with their marketing, which is known as the ethical issues of marketing. To be more prcised there are certain common types of ethical issues that the company faces. Firstly the relationship of the customers with the management of the company must be pleasant and nice in order to satisfy the customers(Elger, Biller-Andorno and Capron, 2008). The prime goal of any company is to attract as much as customers are possible. For tha t, they have to maintain a nice and pleasant communication with the customer. But sometimes rude behavior or any employee or staff of the company may cause to the negative feedback of the customers which obviously would not be beneficial for the company. Secondly, another issue that the companies of this generation often face is the loyalty issue. According to some customers the companies are not providing products which they are advertising. The company should either show their customers what they are actually providing or they have to provide them the facilities or the service which they are showing or advertising. These are the basic issues that the companies are mostly facing(Godlee, 2011). Other than these there are also some other issues that the companies must look after in order to improve their organization as a whole like the internal working environment of the company as well as the communication of the employees with the management. If the management of the companies beh aves rudely with the employees it may cause disobedience among the employees which will ultimately harm the company. Similarly, if the working environment of the company is not good and not up to the mark in accordance to the employees of the company the workers would not feel comfortable to work which may create another serious issue for the company. These are some basic ethical issues that the companies are facing nowadays(Guffey and Mccartney, 2008). Identification of the ethical issues of Red Rooster To make a strong statement on the ethical issues in marketing it is needed to have a practical knowledge of the actual problems which are harming the companies(Hollingworth and Valentine, 2014). For example, there are many companies in Australia which are having these kinds of problems, Such as the Red Rooster fast food retail chain or organization. This is one of the most famous Australian fast food company having a great management and proper strategies. Being one of the most famous and established organizations in Australia it is quite obvious that they are maintaining their marketing strategies perfectly, but for some time they also had to face some ethical issues which were harming the company as a whole. First of all, they were facing loyalty issues(Hollingworth and Valentine, 2015). They were unable to provide food what they were advertising or they were not able to fulfill the requirement as well as the expectation of their regular customers which was a real drawback for the company, after that there were also some behavioral issues regarding the communication between the customers and the employees. The company had to face a big and serious loss due to these kinds of ethical issues and not only this but these issues also hampered their reputation in the market(Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The management of the company took the charge to identify the issues and to implement proper strategies to remove the problems. They first performed an internal analysis of the organization and implemented some latest and modified strategies in order to improve their working procedure as well as their working environment. The management also looked after the behavioral aspect of the organization for the betterment of the communication between the customers and the employees. This example clearly states that how much harmful these ethical issues can be and how they should be prevented(Lipworth, 2013). Identification of the ethical issues of Red Bubble From the above passage it is quite clear that the ethical issues can be really harmful to any company, for example, another famous Australian retail company Red Bubble had to face a destructive loss or downfall just because of some of the ethical issues like the internal issues like the communication between the workers and the superior managers and the human resource managers(Malhotra, 2008). Red Bubble is one of the most famous and settled retail and clothing companies in Australia, still, they were about to be bankrupt because of these ethical issues, the management of the company being actually efficient and dedicated towards their work the company survived otherwise they would have to cease their business(Milisavljevic, 2013). the management of the company was running their business in an impressive manner, but suddenly some internal problems occurred which hampered the working environment and also harmed the communication between the employees of the companies and the managemen t. According to some of the employees, they were not getting proper support and help from their managers, as well as their co-workers which created disobedience among them and them, decided to stop the work(Raina, 2015). This phenomenon turned out to be very destructive for the organization as a whole. To prevent these issues and to save the whole company from being bankrupt the management and the higher authority of the company decided to take some serious and strict steps and they performed an internal analysis to identify the source of the problem. According to various surveys, they took some bold steps to remove the mentioned problems from the companies. These are the main ethical issues which are harming the companies of this generation very much. Other than these there are also some other aspects or issues that the management of the company should be concerned off such as the training procedure of the fresher employees, the production procedure then, the promotional strategy a nd the pricing strategy. Pricing strategy is another issue that the companies are facing. If the company could not determine a proper and justified price to the product or the service they would never be able to attract more customers. These are basically the issues that are harming the companies(Weir, Olick and Murray, 2004). The above-mentioned two examples are discussed to make a strong statement on the ethical issues of marketing. Conclusion From the above passages, it must be admitted that the ethical issues of marketing play a vital role in the up gradation as well as the degradation of the company. Whatever company it is, it would have to face some kind of ethical issues sometimes. Ethical issues are something that could hamper any of the vital aspects of an organization like the customer feedback, production procedure, employee satisfaction and many other aspects. thus in order to make a steady business or organization the management of the organization must be more aware of the ethical issues of marketing and must be prepared for any kind of ethical problems. For that the company should also maintain some basic guidelines such as recruiting efficient and dedicated employees, appointing a reliable and experienced trainer to teach the fresher properly. These are some basic responsibility that the company or the management of the company must follow in order to get rid of these kinds of ethical issues. In all the essay helps to understand the various aspects of the ethical issues of marketing. References Barnett, T. and Valentine, S. (2004). Issue contingencies and marketers' recognition of ethical issues, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions.Journal of Business Research, 57(4), pp.338-346. Elger, B., Biller-Andorno, N. and Capron, A. (2008).Ethical Issues in Governing Biobanks. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Godlee, F. (2011). Cost is an ethical issue.BMJ, 342(may04 3), pp.d2813-d2813. Guffey, D. and Mccartney, M. (2008). The Perceived Importance of an Ethical Issue as a Determinant of Ethical Decision-making for Accounting Students in an Academic Setting.Accounting Education, 17(3), pp.327-348. Hollingworth, D. and Valentine, S. (2014). The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organizational Ethical Context on Employees Ethical Issue Recognition and Ethical Judgments.J Bus Ethics, 128(2), pp.457-466. Hollingworth, D. and Valentine, S. (2015). Erratum to: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organizational Ethical Context on Employees Ethical Issue Recognition and Ethical Judgments.J Bus Ethics, 128(2), pp.467-467. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2006).Principles of marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lipworth, W. (2013). Why drug shortages are an ethical issue.Australasian Medical Journal, 6(11), pp.556-559. Malhotra, N. (2008).Review of marketing research. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Milisavljevic, M. (2013). Value oriented strategic marketing.Marketing, 44(4), pp.299-309. Raina, S. (2015). An ethical issue at follow-up.Neurol India, 63(2), p.294. Weir, R., Olick, R. and Murray, J. (2004).The stored tissue issue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pixar Business and Strategy

Free Essays on Suicide Law

Suicide Law Oregon is fighting with the government to allow doctors to prescribe lethal drugs to ill patients. The people of Oregon voted on â€Å"The Oregon Death with Dignity Act (OODA)† in 1994. The government did not like the idea of a legally prescribed lethal drug that will kill a person. In 1997, the people of Oregon voted again on the OODA. It was passed with a 60% - 40% ratio. The government now says that it is not in compliance with the â€Å"Federal Control Substance Act (CSA).† The OODA and the CSA have been fighting against each other since 1997 in the courts. Terminally ill people should have a right to make decisions regarding their deaths. They should not have to worry about the pain and the burden they are putting on their families. I think people should be able to take the lethal drugs if they want to. It should not be the government’s decision or the state’s decision. If a person is ill enough to want to end their life, then I think the person should be able to. Since the people voted for the OODA then there should not be a reason to deny something that the people of this country want. The Death With Dignity National Center encourages individuals to respect the will of others and to take action against the government’s censorship of the OODA law (1). Terminally ill patients make the decision to end their lives because of tremendous pain and they are tired of putting the burden on their families. The OODA is a law that will allow terminally ill patients to end their lives. A physician can prescribe the drug but cannot administer the drugs to patients. The patient and the doctor both have to agree that the patient only has 6 months to live. The dying patient has to write a letter requesting the lethal drug. Some people know that they are going to die before they talk to doctors. Most of them do not like the idea of their families spending all their money of hospital bills and knowing that it is not going to... Free Essays on Suicide Law Free Essays on Suicide Law Suicide Law Oregon is fighting with the government to allow doctors to prescribe lethal drugs to ill patients. The people of Oregon voted on â€Å"The Oregon Death with Dignity Act (OODA)† in 1994. The government did not like the idea of a legally prescribed lethal drug that will kill a person. In 1997, the people of Oregon voted again on the OODA. It was passed with a 60% - 40% ratio. The government now says that it is not in compliance with the â€Å"Federal Control Substance Act (CSA).† The OODA and the CSA have been fighting against each other since 1997 in the courts. Terminally ill people should have a right to make decisions regarding their deaths. They should not have to worry about the pain and the burden they are putting on their families. I think people should be able to take the lethal drugs if they want to. It should not be the government’s decision or the state’s decision. If a person is ill enough to want to end their life, then I think the person should be able to. Since the people voted for the OODA then there should not be a reason to deny something that the people of this country want. The Death With Dignity National Center encourages individuals to respect the will of others and to take action against the government’s censorship of the OODA law (1). Terminally ill patients make the decision to end their lives because of tremendous pain and they are tired of putting the burden on their families. The OODA is a law that will allow terminally ill patients to end their lives. A physician can prescribe the drug but cannot administer the drugs to patients. The patient and the doctor both have to agree that the patient only has 6 months to live. The dying patient has to write a letter requesting the lethal drug. Some people know that they are going to die before they talk to doctors. Most of them do not like the idea of their families spending all their money of hospital bills and knowing that it is not going to...

Nutritional Values of Meals Provided By Day Nurseries To 3-5year Essay

Nutritional Values of Meals Provided By Day Nurseries To 3-5year Children - Essay Example This essay stresses that the primary source of data for this research shall be information gathered from interviews conducted and visits to several local day care centres. The operators and workers of different nurseries will be interviewed for the types of and content of meals provided to children. By comparing the food quality of different day care centres and also the food quality of the nurseries with the recommended daily allowance of vital nutrients, inferences can be drawn about the nutritional value of meals provided by nurseries. On ethical grounds, approval for the study shall first be sought from the relevant Institutional Review Boards. Confidentiality will be assured and personal information will not be collected. The data collated from the interviews and visits to the sampled nurseries will be analysed qualitatively to ascertain the nutritional values of meals provided in different day care centres, whether this is sufficient and if there is a relationship between the type of day care centre and the nutritional value of the meals provided. This study is very important, as it will establish the sufficiency or otherwise of the proliferating day care centres in adequately nurturing the young population of this country entrusted to their care. It shall also seek to establish if there is any link between type of day care centre and the quality of care they provide, this information will greatly aid parents in choosing the best nursery for the children.

Universal Virtues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Universal Virtues - Coursework Example Remarkably, individuals fail to practice and put into consideration the universal virtues. Consequently, individuals undergo a tremendous transformation in their lives which hinders them from actually realizing their abilities and potentials to embrace any of the virtues. Leaders are meant to act as a role models to the people and have the responsibility of practicing all the six universal virtues to ensure efficiency in their ruling (Chiles, 2007). Unfortunately, they fail to adopt all of them but only achieve to practice just a few. In the decision making process, a leader can make a wise and just decision but lacks the courage to support his decision. According to Chiles (2007), wisdom, courage and humanity are the most essential virtues. They form the basis of an individual’s life which enables him to make wise decisions and to be brave when dealing with others. The six universal virtues are the keys to a successful life that ensures togetherness in a community or in an

Animal Testing Pros and Cons Essay

Animal Testing Pros and Cons Essay 1.0 Introduction The Greeks believed that animals were a lesser form of life because animals could not think like humans did. Furthermore, this thought was continued by Christians who claimed that animals were less significant because they had no soul (Vivisection, 2002). Animal testing is the use of live animals for research in order to better understand the effect of certain substances towards human health. This application has been widely carried out in many industries. Numerous animals have been used for animal testing, such as guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and mice. The issue of animal testing has become a worldwide focus these days due to arguments brought up by those who are against animal experimentation. Unquestionably, the practice of animal experimentation has increased tremendously compared to the past. According to Shandilya (2008), it is estimated that 20 million animals are used for animal experimentation yearly for the purpose of medicine and for testing other products. Findings from studies indicate that less than 10 percent of pure psychological researches use animals as test subjects, which do not include animal subjects used for cross-over medical experimentation (American Psychological Association, n.d., cited in Harding, L. , 2001). However, there are some who state that animal experiments are cruel and immoral, besides violating an animals rights. This has caused many individuals to agree with the movements of anti-vivisection organisations due to brutal treatment towards animals. Although there are laws regarding animal testing enforcing the reduction in the use of animals for vivisection, opponents of animal experimenting are still debating about the subject of legalizing it. If we view this subject from a broader perspective, it can be seen that animal testing should be legalized as it aids scientist in the discoveries of new drugs and treatments to make health and medicine better, an animals life does not hold as much value as a humans, and it is the most precise way to find out the effects of substances on a living organism. This research paper will explain why animal testing should be legalized. Research findings are confined to the United States of America, since the subject of animal testing is highly debated there and the progress of this issue in the US is relative to other countries.   2.1 Animal testing helps in the development of drugs and treatments. Currently, humans are often exposed to various diseases which are life threatening, which includes existing diseases or new forms of diseases due to mutations and changes in the environment. Hence, researchers are working hard in finding cures for all these illnesses. From here, it can be seen that animal testing is essential in the sustenance of human health. Animals will be used to study the effect of newly invented drugs, whether it will help in curing the disease. Speaking of the positive outcomes of animal testing, this includes the development of new medicine and treatments. Derbyshire (2004) mentioned that many medical advances used animal testing; dogs were used to develop the production of insulin, whereas primates were utilized in the manufacture of a powerful anti-rejection drug, cyclosporine. Besides this, discoveries of various vaccines have evolved through animal experimentation. From here, it can be seen that animal testing can guide us to discoveries of new knowledge about living organisms. Many drugs have been invented to fulfill the aim of remedying diseases. However, the side effects of newly invented drugs remain unknown. Therefore, animal testing allows the evaluation of the danger of drugs before being used upon humans which will greatly reduce the risk before any human based trials are carried out (About Animal Testing, n.d.). Drugs that are tested safe can then be used to save millions of valuable human lives. The future of medical science still relies on animal testing, and this clearly shows a need in legalizing animal testing. There are some people who claim that the effects of drugs tested on animals may not be the same to humans. Arthritis drug Vioxx, which caused 140 000 heart attacks and strokes in United States of America, was withdrawn from the global market even though it appeared to be safe when tested in animals (Archibald, 2004). However, scientists have proven that animals are extremely alike to humans and experiments done on them would produce similar results obtained through future human experiments (About Animal Testing, n.d.). Hence, carrying out animal testing on drugs would improve the quality of human life indirectly. Therefore, to sum it all up, animal testing should be legalized because it assists researchers in medical treatments besides drugs discovery, improves health and medicine and is able to test the safety of drugs. Alternatives of animal testing are not as plausible as they are not as accurate as the results obtained from tests conducted upon animals. Hence, animal testing should be encouraged instead of being suppressed. 2.2 The importance of human lives is given priority over animal lives. Differences existing between humans and animals cause animals to receive treatments which are different and unequal although both of them are alive. As animals differ from humans as they do not have conscience, they are considered inferior to humans when it comes to the value of life. Seeing that the lives of humans are viewed as more valuable than animal lives, animals will have to be sacrificed in animal experimentation. The pros and cons of animal testing were debated with both sides being able to produce solid reasons for their stands. From the view of sentiency, it is mentioned that all living things are morally equivalent. However, the lives of humans are superior over the lives of animals (Garner, 2005). Authorities have to make a choice between the welfare of humans and the welfare of animals. Which one is more important, the life of a human or the life of an animal? As Archibald (2004) points out, most people are willing to sacrifice the lives of animal in animal testing to save human lives. Even though human welfare is the main concern, the welfare of an animal is still taken into account by minimizing the suffering of animals when conducting animal experimentations. The Animal Welfare Act had been formed and reviewed constantly to protect animals and decrease the number of vivisections carried out (Monamy, 2000). Every experiment involving the usage of animals is normally administered with anesthesia. In conjunction with this, the experiments will not be repeated or animals used will be euthanized when brutal treatment is involved. Animal testing can be accepted as it allows the improvement of human life quality without the suffering of animals (Garner, 2005). Those who are against animal testing argued that animals have the right to live peacefully. Animal testing is regarded as unkind treatment towards animals as it violates animal rights as their lives are valuable as well (Le Fanu, 2003). Nevertheless, their arguments are weak because animals lack the sense of judgment, and therefore are not subjected to moral claims and animal rights (Cohen, 1986). Hence, they cannot be compared with human life. As long as the animal is experimented upon without pain, the welfare of the animal is not violated. Therefore, it is acceptable to legalize the activity of animal testing as human life should be prioritized. Although there are many who are against animal experimentation, the points asserted are not h3 enough to discontinue the activity of animal testing. Supporters of animal testing affirm that animals should not have equal rights with humans as both of these cannot be compared. Animals lack the sense of judgment, thus human lives always come first before animal lives. Animals are considered to be protected as long as animals receive minimum amount of suffering. So animal testing should be legalized in order to save more human lives. 2.3 Animal testing is helpful for studying the effects of substances. Many new chemical substances are produced every year to meet the demand of the global market such as in agriculture, medicine and cosmetic products. The credits should be given to animal testing. The effect of that particular substance has been studied to produce countless helpful products. This can increase the longevity of humans besides improving the human standard of living. By conducting experiments on animals, the researcher can gain invaluable information from the living specimen. Winston (2006) mentioned that 70% of the Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine are contributed from animal testing. Hence, it is clearly shown that by performing researches on animals by studying the effects of a substance can bring a huge impact upon the world. The discovery of knowledge will be delayed or remain undiscovered if animal testing is not carried out. As stated by Le Fanu (2003), primates offer the best experimental models as they have 99% similarity in genes with humans. Animal testing can be carried out on primates to ensure the safety of some drugs before being tested on humans. The chance for both organisms exhibiting the same effect is high due to the similarity of their genes. This in turn can reduce the risks faced by humans when commencing the trials. Hence, animals are good tools for learning the effects of various substances. In spite of this, people who are in opposition to animal testing argue that it must not be legalized just because animal experimentation leads to medical breakthroughs and the outcome is more rewarding. This statement is insufficient to justify the drawbacks of animal testing (Derbyshire, 2004). On the other hand, it is proven that the beneficial outcome outweighs its drawbacks, so it is rational to legalize the activity of animal testing. Without studying the effects of substances using animal testing, most of the major vaccines against disease like polio, rubella and hepatitis B used today would not exist (Derbyshire, 2004). New drugs undergo in vitro research, computer modeling and animal testing before being tested on humans. Thus, every step is vital in this process of studying the effects before a drug is introduced into the market. In short, the effects of a substance can be study by carrying out animal testing which can provide invaluable information besides the anatomy of some animals are similar to humans. Even though animal experimentation its disadvantages, there are still many benefits that can gain by carrying out animal testing. Thus, legalization of animal testing must be accepted. Moreover, it can be a good tool for education and research purposes. 3.0 Recommendation Normally, the usage of animals for animal testing delineated as cruelty towards animals and should not be legalized. However, it is impossible to ban the practice of animal experimentation due to the benefits brought by animal research towards mankind. Animal testing is a noble action to sustain the welfare of humans. Since the practice of animal testing cannot be stopped, the welfare of animals can only be protected by another approach. The principle of Three Rs, that is refinement, reduction and replacement can be practiced. The researchers are pledged to reduce the number of animals used when performing a research. To use the least number of resources to obtain the fastest results, researchers have the tendency of using a smaller number of animals during their research. This is an act that showed the willingness of mankind to reduce the cruelty towards the animals. Besides this, scientists were asked to lessen the degree of suffering of the animal. This can be attained by exclude some needless harmful actions involving the animals. Lastly, alternative methods should be used whenever possible to replace the usage of animal testing (Derbyshire, 2006). For instance, the welfare of animals can be secured by doing so. The practice of animal experimentation should compromise between the welfare of humans and animals so that harmony can be achieved. Animal experimentation still can be practiced, and the laws should be strictly enforced so that it is not violated by irresponsible people. 4.0 Conclusion Due to the increased usage of animal testing, the issue of animal experimentation is getting highly debated and remains relentless. After examining several points, it has revealed that animal testing should be legalized as it helps in the progress of medicine and health, human life is more valuable than animal life, and helps to learn the outcome of a substance on a living organism. Day by day, anti-vivisectionists try to rule out animal testing by looking at this issue from the animals point of view. Concurrently, supporters of animal experimentation were able to refute their arguments, by claiming the welfare of humans should always come first before animals. They viewed the subject of animal testing from a broader perspective and the long term advantages that come from animal experimentation. Life is never perfect, some sacrifices have to make to achieve success for a better future. Nonetheless, animal research should be carried out as its advantages are more significant than the disadvantages.

Qin dynasty Essay

In 247 B. C, the self-proclaimed â€Å"first emperor of china† put together an enormous army of soldiers to fight the wars that ravaged all over china. The emperor seemed undefeatable and fearless, but deep inside he had a huge fear, that is†¦ death. A few years before he sensed the ending of his life, Emperor Cheng decided to recreate his entire army out of clay to protect him in his passage to the underworld. Sacrifices had before been used for grand burials as such where the army would die along with the emperor, but in a time like such the emperor knew this would cause china to be vulnerable and did not want to sacrifice the grand empire he had created for most of his life. This thus led to the creation of the elaborate tomb of the terra cotta warriors and their king. The emperor may have seemed nice to decide not to sacrifice anyone but the truth is many died in order for his wishes to be fulfilled. When he ordered the warriors to be made they did not magically appear from the soil beneath his feet. In order for them to be made he commanded hundreds, if no thousands of skilled artisans to create them. Each soldier needed to be different and represent a certain soldier. The artisan’s lives depended on these soldiers so the work ended up being quite elaborate and detailed. Each soldier, acrobat and archer, along with the horses, was all different, each with their own story to tell. They all had different expressions, stances, outfits, etc. Because of these intricate patterns and details, we can tell that these sculptors were not any joking matter. Human lives depended on each face, and tiny detail to be absolutely perfect and this was very complicated to do since each warrior was made using coiling method (based on archeological theories). No molds were being used, or anything that could make the job easier. Another thing that the terra cotta warriors tell us about China during the Qin Dynasty is that after the emperor passed away he may have wanted to take his empire with him, thus the reason of the huge army as well as other things found in his tomb. Small scales of palaces and buildings he had ordered to be built were also found in his tomb. The reason why this may have happened may have been so that he would have something to rule over in the afterlife. In ancient China it was believed that you continued on into the afterlife as you were when you died, especially where social status was concerned. The higher status you had in life, the closer to Shang Di (the Lord of the afterlife) you would be in the afterlife. Having a complete representation of his empire and the things he commanded, including the terra cotta army, allowed Qin to enter the afterlife with a clear proof of his status that could not be challenged by the lord. The artists that used the terracotta clay were often threatened to be hurt by the king. To make it impossible to be punished for little errors on their work, they made their signatures hard to find on the soldiers. One rule was set though: The artist MUST put his name on the sculpture. Emperor Qin made it his duty to punish whoever didn’t follow this rule, and would kill or mutilate over hundreds of the sculptors every year. With that stress on their shoulders, the workers had no room for error. They had to follow all the rules and could most definitely not stand up for others and themselves. That would be a death sentence in itself. Once the emperor Qin died, the people made it their duty to seal his coffin properly so that he would remain well preserved. Despite the people not having to worry about the king, the people still feared the emperor coming back from the dead, and to the people an angry emperor’s soul would mean bad luck to all the people of the Qin dynasty.

Twelve Angry Men

According to Rose, the jury system is flawed; discuss Rose Kealy A jury is a body of people who are sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them. This is shown and demonstrated in the play, Twelve Angry men, written by Reginald Rose. However, in the play, the jury system can be seen as flawed and imperfect. The faults in the play are displayed by the twelve juries that were selected to represent the case presented. The lack of knowledge, prejudice and the personality clashes are all examples of the flaws in the jury system that are shown in the Twelve Angry Men. Rose was able to express that in the play During the play Twelve Angry Men, Rose finds the flaws in the personality chosen for the jury case. Rose demonstrates to the audience that the 12 juror members have very different personalties which in some circumstances work together but most of the time they create incidences and commotion. The personality clashes are mostly seen between the 3rd juror and the 8th juror â€Å"God damn it! I'll kill him! I'll kill him† and â€Å"Shut up, you son of a bitch! † shows the tension, suspense and displeasure between these two jurors. The two jurors are a huge part in the play and it is their personalities that clash the most. The tension however is not just shown between these two jurors. â€Å"Do you know you're a sick man? † â€Å"who the hell is he to tell me that? † is examples from the 9th and 10th jurors. These remarks are found throughout the play and underline the importance of needing to work together. Rose is able to point out the flaws in the jury system by not having each juror analysed before the case to learn their personalties and traits. These incidents however can relate and intertwine with the prejudice and discrimination found in the jury rooms. In Twelve Angry Men, Rose highlights the potential flaws that can be found in the jury system, where prejudice interferes and the pursuit of justice. This is shown mostly by the 3rd Juror in his unwillingness to change his initial ‘guilty' verdict and the manner in which he characterises, ‘kids†¦ owadays. Angry! Hostile! ‘. This view is held because the 3rd Juror relates to his troubled and tense relationship with his son as it corresponds to the defendants relationship with his father. It is displayed that the 3rd juror wants to punish the young boy for the pain that the jurors on pain put on him. The 3rd juror isn't look for the facts or details of the case, he is just acting on his own emotions. This then leads to a fault in the jury system as the personality of one jury impacts the ability for the jurors to make a logical verdict on the case. The 10th juror also makes some assumptions in deciding the boy's guilt or innocence rather than looking at the actually facts. â€Å"It's those people! I'm tellin' you they let the kids run wild up there. Well, maybe it serves em' right†¦ † In the play, Rose was able to point out that the flaws of the jury system and that not knowing the twelve people chosen can result in prejudiced and discrimination and not the truth that surrounds the case and defendant. In Twelve Angry Men, Rose highlights the importance of knowing and understanding the jury system and what it involves. There is a range of different jurors who have different knowledge and expectations of what is expected of the jury room and role. â€Å"I never knew they locked the door† is a prime example of the awareness and insight of the jury system. Whereas Juror 11, the immigrant watchmaker seemed to be more interested and fascinated by the juror system then those who are from America. â€Å"I don't believe I have to be loyal to one side or the other†¦ † demonstrates the 11th jurors judgement and appreciation for the system and the case. Rose is able to explain the importance of understanding and the importance of the jury system and the case that is presented in front of the 12 jurors. According to Rose, the jury system is flawed and this can be demonstrated through the play of Twelve Angry Men. The play is based around the personality clashes of each of the jurors, the prejudiced and discrimination found by some of the men and the lack of knowledge and interest in the jury system by all the jurors. All these contribute to a jury system that can be seen as faulty and imperfect by Rose. Twelve Angry Men According to Rose, the jury system is flawed; discuss Rose Kealy A jury is a body of people who are sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them. This is shown and demonstrated in the play, Twelve Angry men, written by Reginald Rose. However, in the play, the jury system can be seen as flawed and imperfect. The faults in the play are displayed by the twelve juries that were selected to represent the case presented. The lack of knowledge, prejudice and the personality clashes are all examples of the flaws in the jury system that are shown in the Twelve Angry Men. Rose was able to express that in the play During the play Twelve Angry Men, Rose finds the flaws in the personality chosen for the jury case. Rose demonstrates to the audience that the 12 juror members have very different personalties which in some circumstances work together but most of the time they create incidences and commotion. The personality clashes are mostly seen between the 3rd juror and the 8th juror â€Å"God damn it! I'll kill him! I'll kill him† and â€Å"Shut up, you son of a bitch! † shows the tension, suspense and displeasure between these two jurors. The two jurors are a huge part in the play and it is their personalities that clash the most. The tension however is not just shown between these two jurors. â€Å"Do you know you're a sick man? † â€Å"who the hell is he to tell me that? † is examples from the 9th and 10th jurors. These remarks are found throughout the play and underline the importance of needing to work together. Rose is able to point out the flaws in the jury system by not having each juror analysed before the case to learn their personalties and traits. These incidents however can relate and intertwine with the prejudice and discrimination found in the jury rooms. In Twelve Angry Men, Rose highlights the potential flaws that can be found in the jury system, where prejudice interferes and the pursuit of justice. This is shown mostly by the 3rd Juror in his unwillingness to change his initial ‘guilty' verdict and the manner in which he characterises, ‘kids†¦ owadays. Angry! Hostile! ‘. This view is held because the 3rd Juror relates to his troubled and tense relationship with his son as it corresponds to the defendants relationship with his father. It is displayed that the 3rd juror wants to punish the young boy for the pain that the jurors on pain put on him. The 3rd juror isn't look for the facts or details of the case, he is just acting on his own emotions. This then leads to a fault in the jury system as the personality of one jury impacts the ability for the jurors to make a logical verdict on the case. The 10th juror also makes some assumptions in deciding the boy's guilt or innocence rather than looking at the actually facts. â€Å"It's those people! I'm tellin' you they let the kids run wild up there. Well, maybe it serves em' right†¦ † In the play, Rose was able to point out that the flaws of the jury system and that not knowing the twelve people chosen can result in prejudiced and discrimination and not the truth that surrounds the case and defendant. In Twelve Angry Men, Rose highlights the importance of knowing and understanding the jury system and what it involves. There is a range of different jurors who have different knowledge and expectations of what is expected of the jury room and role. â€Å"I never knew they locked the door† is a prime example of the awareness and insight of the jury system. Whereas Juror 11, the immigrant watchmaker seemed to be more interested and fascinated by the juror system then those who are from America. â€Å"I don't believe I have to be loyal to one side or the other†¦ † demonstrates the 11th jurors judgement and appreciation for the system and the case. Rose is able to explain the importance of understanding and the importance of the jury system and the case that is presented in front of the 12 jurors. According to Rose, the jury system is flawed and this can be demonstrated through the play of Twelve Angry Men. The play is based around the personality clashes of each of the jurors, the prejudiced and discrimination found by some of the men and the lack of knowledge and interest in the jury system by all the jurors. All these contribute to a jury system that can be seen as faulty and imperfect by Rose.

Essay on Mozarts Sonata k331 - 660 Words

Mozarts Sonata k331 The first movement of Sonata K331 is comprised of a theme, six variations and a coda. The theme comprises of 18 bars: four times four bar phrases with an extension tacked onto the end. Mozart followed this strict binary theme but this does not mean that the music is at all predictable; he uses different techniques to bring the best out of this form, as detailed later. The extension is an example of Mozart surprising the listener and enhancing the journey to the end of the theme. Each of the groups of four bars ends with a cadence. This is periodic phrasing, one of many signatures of galant musical style (also known as Viennese classical music) that had its emphasis on†¦show more content†¦This could be countered by contrasting the first movement to the radically different form later in the piece and by pointing out that the use of the two bar extension was unusual and Mozart added this primarily to avoid becoming too predictable. A piece lacking in continuity may also have several ideas that may only appear for short periods in the piece or not work well together. However, Mozart uses the same simple melodic ideas throughout this movement that does provide continuity. He achieves this through using the melody within different textures and not using much counterpoint at all. Next is the question of tonal variety- Mozarts use of chords and shape in the piece. There is a good argument for the lack of tonal variety in the piece- in the whole Andante only one type of chromatic chord is used (in bar 12 of variations 1-4). Also, Mozarts reliance on the tonic and dominant chords is evident; in the theme, over 75% of the chords are in the tonic (A major) or the dominant (E major). However, as the variations progress, the listener can hear plenty of tonal structure to ward off criticism. Right from the beginning of Variation 1 (bar 19) the theme is decorated in the right hand with semi-tonal appoggiaturas as well as contrasting semi-quaver octaves in bar 23. There are many tonal marks in the piece-