Causes of the black death

There are a few reasons with respect to why the Romans picked London as a settlement these incorporate land, the Romans were superb constructors in this way they required a lot of land to fabricate their Empire. Another explanation was that they saw a waterway (presently known as the River Thames). The Romans understood that this waterway could be amazingly valuable from multiple points of view, for example, water for development and endurance, transport to get starting with one area then onto the next and for exchange, with the stream ships from everywhere throughout the world would have the option to get to this point to exchange an assortment of things for example silver to make adornments and coins, fleece to make garments, they additionally imported silk from China to beautify attire and some more. By bringing in stock from different nations the Romans had the option to increase their expectations of living and have numerous extravagances. In roughly 50AD the Romans named London ‘Londinium'. Londinium was delegated capital of England there were two principle purposes behind this since the River Thames was in London for exchanges despite everything coming, and in light of the fact that they had a solid barrier in Londinium as they settled in the north bank of the River Thames where two slopes secured them which gave them better prospects in war. It was fundamental for the Romans to have a splendid barrier in light of the fact that there were still Celtics meandering around who were continually attempting to win back land with ruthless power, for example, the assault of Queen Boudicca in 61 AD who set Londinium ablaze she was portrayed as: â€Å"Very tall, the look of her eye generally furious; her voice unforgiving. An extraordinary mass of the reddest hair tumbled down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying.† By the 1300s London's populace had developed to 80,000 numerous things had changed London was an advancing city. During the 1300s there were an assortment reasons individuals chose to settle in London. London was an improving city with numerous appealing structures, there were heaps of occupation accessible for all, for example, cultivating, tannery working, angling and that's only the tip of the iceberg, for diversion there were several performance centers to visit, there were incalculable number of Cathedrals to visit and London had simple vehicle in view of the River Thames alongside the London Bridge. Medieval London was comprised of tight and curved boulevards, and most of structures were produced using truly combustible materials, for example, wood and straw, which made fire a steady danger. Cleanliness in London was terribly needy individuals weren't cognizant about their wellbeing they disposed of trash in any case they tossed out their loss without caring where it fell. The houses would have had none of the things we acknowledge as typical today †no running water, no toilets, no showers and washing bowls. Cleanser was incredible and as was cleanser. Individuals would have been secured with earth, insects and lice. Beds were basically straw stuffed sleeping pads and these would have pulled in lice, bugs and a wide range of bugs. Washing would be uncommon in any event, for the rich, rich individuals may have had a shower a couple of times each year! Your can would have been a wooden can which would have been exhausted into the closest waterway toward the beginning of the day your water gracefully would likewise originate from a similar stream. Families would have cooked and rested in a similar room. Kids would have rested in a space if the cruck house was large enough. Around evening time, any creature you claimed would be brought inside for wellbeing. There were various purposes behind this. To begin with, wild creatures meandered the open country. Britain despite everything had wolves and bears in the backwoods and these could undoubtedly have taken a pig, dairy animals or chickens. The loss of any creature could be a calamity yet the loss of significant creatures, for example, a bull would be a fiasco. Whenever left outside around evening time they could likewise have been taken or essentially have strayed. On the off chance that they were inside your home, none of these would occur and they were sheltered. Be that as it may, they probably made the house much more filthy than it as a rule would have been as none of these creatures would have been house-prepared. They would have additionally gotten bugs and flies and so on expanding the unhygienic idea of the house. A portion of the settlement factors individuals would search for in the fourteenth century were top notch occupation offered for all, for example, for example, bread shop, leatherworking, blacksmithing, woodworkers, armorers, bowyers/fletchers and swordsmithing. Individuals picked places which looked eye-getting and there was an agreeable spot to visit and People would need better and improved vehicle just as splendid security and reasonable laws. The Black Death began in Europe when the Genoese chose to get away from the plague by escaping from Caffa (where the Black Death started from). The Genoese boarded their boats and set sail for Italy conveying rodents, escapes and the Black Death with them. The Black Death transmitted when a bug drank a rodent's blood that conveyed the yersina pestis (plague germs). The yersina pestis would increase until the bug's gut was obstructed with it. The insect would then nibble a human catapulting the rodent's blood away from any detectable hindrance wound the human would then be tainted. This cycle carried on until the lives of 50 million individuals were taken from them in Europe clearing out portion of London's populace. It is said that the that the It was basic for the Black Death to spread in London since Hygiene in London was terribly poor as appeared in the fourth passage there was a great deal of blockage since London was horrendously overpopulated and houses were all the while being created individuals would cook, eat, rest and go to the latrine in a similar room which implied a ton of germs. All in all I believe that the settlement of London helped the plague to spread during the 1300s as a result of different reasons including a considerable lot of the reasons appeared above fundamentally since the kind of individuals that who settled there, and the way that they had no sewage for their loss to go to. In any case, I feel that if the individuals in London as well as all around the globe were progressively caution and mindful of germs and cleanliness then the Black Death could never have begun.

Social Conflicts The House Of The Spirits English Literature Essay free essay sample

Clashes are significant for the improvement of the mystery plan in a dramatization or a novel. A battle is a contrast between thoughts, musings, decides or individuals that emerges from a distinction of assumptions and consequently cultural battles are contrasts between family units, companions, connections and social orders. Discoursed are words expressed by characters in a book or a show and it is a strategy that has been utilized by the two essayists to pass on out battle since it draws out the sentiments of various characters in the books. In this exposition I expect to demo how the creators have depicted cultural battles through the utilization of duologue. Social battles are appeared to hold been brought about by cultural classifications in the House of the Spirits since we can obviously observe from the earliest starting point that there is a fight between the higher and the lower classification for power. For outline we see battles between the supporter and the provincials of Tres Marias since the benefactor thinks the provincials are non meriting anything and can non take obligation of any work. We will compose a custom paper test on Social Conflicts The House Of The Spirits English Literature Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is demonstrated when Esteban and Pedro Segundo Garcia have a duologue ; The left , he said What s your name? Pedro Segundo Garcia, sir, the grown-up male answered I am the visitor here at this point. The gathering s overaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I do nt want any defaulters or shrewd alecks around, you get it? [ 1 ] From the above quote we see that Esteban imagines that the individuals from lower class are idlers and do non want to buckle down. We can encounter the endurance in Esteban s voice when he is addressing the provincials. The battle between the higher class and the lower classification is appeared from the way that the higher classification could make anything without holding the trepidation of being gotten. An outline of that is the point at which the creator says ; The provincials concealed their young ladies and gripped their clench hands barrenly on the grounds that they could non face him. Esteban Trueba was more grounded, and he had exemption. [ 2 ] From this the creator insights us about the force upper class position accompanies and that s why Esteban could make anything and along these lines provincials concealed their young ladies from Esteban. Family battles in The House of the alcohols are depicted as the cadence of power in the book. The Trueba family unit and the Garcia family unit at any point had harrowing dealingss in the book. This is other than brought out through duologue, for delineation when Alba was captured by Esteban Garcia we see the undermentioned duologue ; I need to venture out to the washroom, Alba rehashed I see you are only every piece resolved as your gramps, Garcia said [ 3 ] Garcia discloses to Alba that she is each piece tenacious as her gramps who is Esteban Trueba, this gives us that there still exists a rancorous connection between the two family units and Esteban Garcia needed to take reprisal of what Trueba did on her granddaughter. The beat of power is other than demonstrated when Alba says ; A while later the grandson of the grown-up female who was assaulted rehashes the signal with the granddaughter of the raper, and perhaps 40 mature ages from now my grandson will strike hard Garcia s young lady down among the scrambles Family battles in Antigone are depicted as contrast in opinions on the grounds that the way the clashing characters used to take a gander at things or judge them in the dramatization was non the equivalent. As we probably am aware they are contrasts in conclusions among Antigone and her sister, Ismene what's more among Antigone and Creon. We other than observe thumps among Creon and his kid Haemon. First the battle among Antigone and Ismene brought out two differentiating grown-up females of that cut. Ismene who was depicted by the author as a perfect grown-up female of that cut and keeping in mind that Antigone was depicted as the specific antonym of Ismene. This can be appeared in one of the duologues where Ismene says, In the event that we break the statute and bones for it, Our disgrace will last everlastingly. Womans are non made to strife work powers. [ 4 ] To which Antigone reacts by expressing, You ve made your pick however I will cover him, Furthermore, I will invite expire in making it. [ 5 ] From this we can obviously observe that Ismene is hesitant and is frightened to intrude on the Torahs made by the work powers who she believes are better than her. Though Antigone is of a self-declaring nature and is non terrified to interfere with the Torahs to comply with the Gods and regard the dead. The battle among Ismene and Antigone was brought out through the development of the duologues. All through the announcement we to a great extent observe long addresss from Antigone while Ismene simply talks her point in one line. This gives us that Antigone was sure of her base and was non heading out to underwrite out of her program yet on the different manus Ismene was non intrigued with what Antigone said and thought she is mediocre and subsequently she ought to non intrude on the statute. This truly draws out the distinction in the estimations of the two grown-up females and henceforth I accept that is the thing that caused the battle. The battle among Antigone and Creon was depicted as struggle between grown-up male and grown-up female since Creon could nt acknowledge licking from a grown-up female. Fitting to me this battle brought out subject of male patriotism since Creon could nt recognize that a grown-up female had broken the statute and was going against the work powers. This is indicated when Creon says ; At the point when I am alive no grown-up female will oversee [ 6 ] Other than I might suspect this battle drew out the fight between the Torahs made by Creon and the Torahs of God. This can be found in the show when Antigone says ; Your statute. Not the holy law. The Gods. That guideline among the dead have given no Such declaration. A grown-up male can non clear out The Torahs unwritten. Can non adjust the perpetual [ 7 ] This gives us that Antigone accepts that the Torahs made by god give everybody an appropriate for legitimate internment yet Creon on the different manus trusts Polyneices is a treasonist and does nt hold a to be covered. Creon s assurance can be defended to a limited degree by the way that he is the male ruler and henceforth he can non let individual bias to hinder his judgments. The creator makes two images male and female through the battle among Creon and Antigone by depicting two distinctive genders fighting against one another and consequently this battle truly takes the signifier of male versus female in the book. So also there is a picture of a male jerk condition in The House of the Spirits which other than draws out this cultural battle. As we as a whole realize that Nivea used to keep mass gatherings with other individual grown-up females to battle for the privilege of grown-up females. The way that it was a male jerk condition can be demonstrated when Ferula and Esteban state the adherents in the book ; I would wish to hold been brought into the world a grown-up male, so I could go forward too much she stated, brimming with contempt What's more, I would non hold got a kick out of the chance to be a grown-up female, he said [ 8 ] This shows grown-up females at that clasp were non permitted to go out and work and populate their ain lives similar to the occurrence with Ferula who needs to take care of her female parent in light of her sexual orientation. The likeness of this battle ( male patriotism ) in the two books brings out two comparable characters in the two books and they are Creon and Esteban Trueba. The two of them accept that grown-up females should take care of the house and bring up kids and ought to non be remembered for the purported undertakings of the work powers. This is appeared by the authors of the two books, for outline when Creon says ; In the event that I should fall, a grown-up male will pass on me down, Allow nobody to state, Creon gave his capacity to a grown-up female [ 9 ] Sophocles brings out forceful feelings of Creon through this quote which give us that Creon can non acknowledge licking from a grown-up female. I trust Creon was rankled and his affirmation was hit when a grown-up female tested him and confronted him valiantly. Other than in the House of the Spirits Esteban Trueba says ; Their obligation is parenthood and the spot. At the rate they re voyaging, the accompanying thing you know they ll be asking to be delegates, Judgess even President of the Republic! [ 10 ] Esteban accepts that grown-up females do non hold any work outside spots and their solitary work is to deliver children and articulation after them which truly draws out his male jerk character. This discloses to us that both Esteban and Creon had similar situations about grown-up females and this drove them to attack the intensity of grown-up females and in both book it is obviously seeable that both work powers are influenced gigantically by the grown-up females in their lives. To summarize I think duologue has played an extremely huge capacity in passing on out cultural battles in the two books since it has drawn out the feelings and the thoughts of characters in the books which help the peruser to cognize what going on in the characters mind at that particular clasp and in this way it is simpler for perusers to break down the reason and the kineticss of various cultural battles.

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology

History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print History and Key Concepts of Behavioral Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.?? According to this school of thought, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner regardless of internal mental states.?? According to this perspective, only observable behavior should be consideredâ€"cognitions, emotions, and moods are far too subjective. Strict behaviorists believed that any person can potentially be trained to perform any task, regardless of genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts (within the limits of their physical capabilities). It only requires the right conditioning. Verywell / Jiaqi Zhou A Brief History of Behaviorism Behaviorism was formally established with the 1913 publication of John B. Watsons classic paper, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.?? It is best summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered the father of behaviorism: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might selectâ€"doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. Simply put, strict behaviorists believe that all behaviors are the result of experience. Any person, regardless of his or her background, can be trained to act in a particular manner given the right conditioning. From about 1920 through the mid-1950s, behaviorism grew to become the dominant school of thought in psychology. Some suggest that the popularity of behavioral psychology grew out of the desire to establish psychology as an objective and measurable science. Researchers were interested in creating theories that could be clearly described and empirically measured but also used to make contributions that might have an influence on the fabric of everyday human lives. Types of Conditioning There are two major types of conditioning: Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a technique frequently used in behavioral training in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same response as the naturally occurring stimulus, even without the naturally occurring stimulus presenting itself. The associated stimulus is then known as the conditioned stimulus and the learned behavior is known as the conditioned response.?? Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. When a desirable result follows an action, the behavior becomes more likely to occur again in the future. Responses followed by adverse outcomes, on the other hand, become less likely to happen again in the future.?? What Should Know About Behavioral Psychology Strengths Focuses on observable, measurable behaviors Scientific and replicable Useful for modifying behaviors in the real-world Useful applications in therapy, education, parenting, child care Weaknesses Does not account for biological influences Does not consider moods, thoughts, or feelings Does not explain all learning Learning can occur through associations. In physiologist Ivan Pavlovs classic experiments, dogs associated the presentation of food (something that naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response) with the sound of a bell, at first, and then the sight of a lab assistants white coat. Eventually, the lab coat alone elicited a salivation response from the dogs.?? The classical conditioning process works by developing an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Different factors can influence the classical conditioning process. During the first part of the classical conditioning process, known as acquisition, a response is established and strengthened. Factors such as the prominence of the stimuli and the timing of presentation can play an important role in how quickly an association is formed. When an association disappears, this is known as extinction, causing the behavior to weaken gradually or vanish. Factors such as the strength of the original response can play a role in how quickly extinction occurs. The longer a response has been conditioned, for example, the longer it may take for it to become extinct.?? Learning can also occur through rewards and punishments. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner described operant conditioning as the process in which learning can occur through reinforcement and punishment.?? More specifically, by forming an association between a certain behavior and the consequences of that behavior, you learn. For example, if a parent rewards their child with praise every time they pick up their toys, the desired behavior is consistently reinforced. As a result, the child will become more likely to clean up messes. Reinforcement schedules are important in operant conditioning. This process seems fairly straight forwardâ€"simply observe a behavior and then offer a reward or punishment. However, Skinner discovered that the timing of these rewards and punishments has an important influence on how quickly a new behavior is acquired and the strength of the corresponding response.?? Continuous reinforcement involves rewarding every single instance of a behavior. It is often utilized at the beginning of the operant conditioning process. But as the behavior is learned, the schedule might switch to one of partial reinforcement. This involves offering a reward after a number of responses or after a period of time has elapsed. Sometimes, partial reinforcement occurs on a consistent or fixed schedule. In other instances, a variable and an unpredictable number of responses or time must occur before the reinforcement is delivered. Several thinkers influenced behavioral psychology. In addition to those already mentioned, there are a number of prominent theorists and psychologists who left an indelible mark on behavioral psychology. Among these are Edward Thorndike, a pioneering psychologist who described the law of effect, and Clark Hull, who proposed the drive theory of learning.?? There are a number of therapeutic techniques rooted in behavioral psychology. Though behavioral psychology assumed more of a background position after 1950, its principles still remain important. Even today, behavior analysis is often used as a therapeutic technique to help children with autism and developmental delays acquire new skills. It frequently involves processes such as shaping (rewarding closer approximations to the desired behavior) and chaining (breaking a task down into smaller parts and then teaching and chaining the subsequent steps together).?? Other behavioral therapy techniques include aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, token economies, modeling, and contingency management. Behavioral psychology has some strengths. Behaviorism is based on observable behaviors, so it is sometimes easier to quantify and collect data when conducting research. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, behavior analysis, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults.?? It also has some weaknesses. Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior. Critics of behaviorism suggest that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods, thoughts, and feelings.?? Also, it does not account for other types of learning that occur without the use of reinforcement and punishment. Moreover, people and animals can adapt their behavior when new information is introduced even if that behavior was established through reinforcement. Behavioral psychology differs from other perspectives. One of the major benefits of behaviorism is that it allowed researchers to investigate observable behavior in a scientific and systematic manner. However, many thinkers believed it fell short by neglecting some important influences on behavior. Freud, for example, felt that behaviorism failed by not accounting for the unconscious minds thoughts, feelings, and desires that influence peoples actions. Other thinkers, such as Carl Rogers and the other humanistic psychologists, believed that behaviorism was too rigid and limited, failing to take into consideration personal agency. More recently, biological psychology has emphasized the power of the brain and genetics play in determining and influencing human actions. The cognitive approach to psychology focuses on mental processes such as thinking, decision-making, language, and problem-solving. In both cases, behaviorism neglects these processes and influences in favor of studying just observable behaviors.?? One of the greatest strengths of behavioral psychology is the ability to clearly observe and measure behaviors. Weaknesses of this approach include failing to address cognitive and biological processes that influence human actions. A Word From Verywell While the behavioral approach might not be the dominant force that it once was, it has still had a major impact on our understanding of human psychology. The conditioning process alone has been used to understand many different types of behaviors, ranging from how people learn to how language develops. But perhaps the greatest contributions of behavioral psychology lie in its practical applications. Its techniques can play a powerful role in modifying problematic behavior and encouraging more positive, helpful responses. Outside of psychology, parents, teachers, animal trainers, and many others make use of basic behavioral principles to help teach new behaviors and discourage unwanted ones.

Beowulf Reader Response - 1459 Words

The poem begins with a discussion about Shield Sheafson , who was the king of the Thanes. He was a baby whose parents abandoned him and rose to the top. After Sheafson died, his son Beow became king in his place. Once he died, Hrothgar became the ruler of the Thanes. Hrothgar brought fortune and success to the Thanes and in celebration of it he built a hall called Hereot, where he and his men gathered for festivities. For a good amount of time the Danes enjoyed peace until one Grendel, who was descendant of Cain, attacked the hall and killed thirty men when they fell asleep. Grendel continued these attacks for twelve winters. After all this time, word begins to spread throughout kingdoms. Beowulf, who is the best warrior in the world,†¦show more content†¦He throws the hilt and the head on the ground showing him they she was killed and they can feel safe again. Hrothgar promises Beowulf more treasures and another banquet in the morning. After the banquet Beowulf urges that h e and his men return home. Hrothgar Praises Beowulf again and tells his that he has reunited the Danes. He gives Beowulf twelve treasures and tells him to come back to Denmark even though Hrothgar knows he will never see Beowulf again. Beowulf sets sail back to Geatland and go back to the hall of Hygelac. Beowulf and his men return home, and go to the hall of King Hygelac and Queen Hygd. The Geats are preparing for their arrival since they heard news that Beowulf was coming home. They warriors and Beowulf receive a warm welcome. After Beowulf tells the story of what happened during his journey, he gives the king and queen a large part of his treasure. In return for all his good deeds, Hygelac gives him treasure and a piece of his own land to rule. Some time passes and king Hygelac is killed in a battle with the Shylfings. Beowulf becomes kings and rules for fifty years. A thief then steals a gem covered goblet and the furious dragon that has protected the treasure for over three hun dred years becomes enraged, torching villages to pieces. Beowulf’s own hall then becomes target and is burned to the ground. After all this time, Beowulf has to face one last obstacle. He sends elevenShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1111 Words   |  5 PagesAncestry plays an important part in Beowulf, it is the blood that the characters carry that decides their fate. To try to deny destiny, is both courageous yet, for some it is futile. Beowulf’s most conflicting character is Grendel, throughout the story you may feel pity for him, and other times you feel hatred for him. Grendel live in a marshy swamp, and is a descendant of Cain, who killed his own blood brother, Abel, out of jealousy. To pay for this ultimate sin, Cain s whole clan was condemnedRead MoreDavid Maloufs Hero in Ransom1215 Words   |  5 Pagestraditional form is that of narrative heroic poetry. One such example being the eight century poem Beowulf. Which when tied and co mpared to a much more modern take on the traditional hero genre in the form of David Malouf’s â€Å"ransom† showcase the different ways in which the hero trope can be explored. Throughout both these texts, the author directs and challenges the readers ideas of heroism. Within Beowulf especially where the traditional ideals of being a hero are challenged and reformed, to createRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesOne may express that today’s cultural values differ than those who lived â€Å"back then† but the response to that ideology is, does one value loyalty? Among the many values of the Anglo-Saxons, such as bravery, truth, and honor, above them all stands loyalty. 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In a short essay, tell whyRead MoreThe Roles Of Compressions In The Epic Of Beowulf812 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough generations. Throughout the epic poem of Beowulf, digressions are presented through the concept of giving advice or remembrance to their ancestors. The digressions within the epic poem are at times ambiguous. However, they play a large role in the underlying perception for the character’s actions. The digression that illustrates the story of King Finn was implemented to uncover the uncertainly of Hrothgar’s Queen, Wealhtheow. Though Beowulf was a mighty hero and savior for Heorot and the

Essay about E.E. Cummings The Birth of Modern Poetry

â€Å"The greatest poets are those with memories so great that they extend beyond their strongest experiences to their minutest observations of people and things far outside their own self-centeredness.† This quote said by Stephen Spender depicts a great poet as someone who utilizes their past observations to increase their knowledge about people, nature, love, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. Cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent poets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of both positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummings’s poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern†¦show more content†¦Blackmur, a literary critic, criticized E.E. Cummings’s poetry stating, â€Å"There is a great big moral vacuum at the heart of E.E. Cummings’s poetry.† (Roberts 256) Other critics also re probated his work by stating that there were no morals or lessons gained from reading his poetry. Another critic, Louise Bogan, remarked, â€Å"It is the deletion of the tragic that makes Cummings’s joy childish and his anger petulant.† (Roberts 256) Bogan stated that because there is no plot or lesson to Cummings’s poetry, his joy is childish and his anger is grouchy. Another asset of his poetry that was heavily criticized was his unique style of writing. The contemporary writing style was very unfamiliar to his readers at that time. In his poem â€Å"Snow†, Cummings incorporates his unique writing style along with his typographical errors: â€Å"Emarkable /s)h? /ya /(from n/o(into whe)re f / ind).† (Thompson 2) Despite the confusion and difficulty to read and comprehend the poem, Cummings sought to promote a diverse lesson with his usage of separated letters and other punctuation marks in order to create verbal movements and cause the reader to c ontemplate (Webster 15). E.E. Cummings’s audacity to ignore the biased criticisms of critics and develop a contemporary writing style has made him one of the most baffling, yet eminent poets of the 20th century. E.E. Cummings’s love poetry has modeled the modern views of love. Known to be a radical poet, Cummings appalled many criticsShow MoreRelatedEssay about E.E. Cummings612 Words   |  3 PagesEdward Estlin Cummings is a famous poet and novelist. A true man of the arts, he also enjoyed playwrights, painting, and drawing. His lifetime lasting from 1894-1962 was vivaciously lived! He spent a large portion of his life in his birth state, Massachusetts, although certain life events lead him beyond the United States. Cummings served in the U.S. Army during World War I, and was a volunteer in an ambulance unit as well. A great portion of his life was also dedicated to his Harvard educationRead More The Poetry of e.e. cummings Essay3340 Words   |  14 PagesThe P oetry of e.e. cummings The poems to come are for you and for me and are not for most people. --its no use trying to pretend that mostpeople and ourselves are alike. Mostpeople have less in common with ourselves than the squarerootofminusone. You and I are human beings;mostpeople are snobs. Take the matter of being born. What does being born mean to mostpeople? Catastrophe unmitigated. Socialrevolution. The cultured aristocrat yanked out of his hyperexclusively ultravoluptuous superpalazzoRead More Time in Thomas’ Fern Hill and Cummings’ anyone lived in a pretty how town3549 Words   |  15 Pagesis lost; poetically speaking,†¦time is regained in the act of visionary creation (Crewe 400). Poetry allows for the capture of a moment in time otherwise lost in the blink of an eye. British poet Dylan Thomas and American poet E.E. Cummings have both been noted for the recurring themes of passage of time in their poetry. In Thomas’ Fern Hill and Cummings’ anyone lived in a pretty how town, both modern poets utilize a juxtaposition of paradoxes to express the irrevocable passage of time and theRead MoreThe Disenchanted Research Paper3448 Words   |  14 PagesFitzgerald’s life and work were in a knot from the start; his profession spanne d one of the most tumultuous eras of the century, and from the very start he was the creator and the victim of the new culture of celebrity which accompanied the rise of modern technology. Budd Schulberg masterfully created a character that closely and in many ways represents Fitzgerald in his later years; Manley Halliday is that character. â€Å"His mind’s eye, incurably bifocal, could never stop searching for the fairy-tale

Alternative Dispute Resolution Free Essays

Man has always sort ways of dealing with conflicts and disputes among members of the society in a just and fair manner. Alternative dispute resolution is one among the conflict resolution methods which have gained much acceptance from the public in the recent years. The process involves any form of dispute resolution technique that does not follow the legal judicial process provisions of the law (Maclaury, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Dispute Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is however worth noting that due to the increasing acceptance of alternative dispute resolution by legal professions, some legal courts allow for its use before a case is tried. Such are viable measures in ensuring equitable justice in resolving disputes between parties. They also provide an efficient and highly cost effective way of resolving disputes. To be realized here is the fact that, of all the existing types of alternative dispute resolution methods, none is applicable to victims of capital crimes (Mareschal, 2002). The author of this paper gives a discussion on alternative dispute resolution, its history and the different forms or methods it takes. The author also takes a look on the alternative dispute options as accepted in the modern society and how they have influenced the process of executing equitable justice between disputing parties. History of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) The history of alternative dispute resolution is as old as the history of man (Mackie, 2001). Disagreements have always existed among people in the society. However, the modern history of ADR in the American society is evidently marked with the 1960s political and civil conflicts (Banks, 2008). Such conflicts led to the implementation of human rights laws thus giving the people legal provisions for compensation on ill treatment. This was found to increase the number of legal suits in our courts of justice, a factor which led to the popular appreciation of meditation and arbitration as viable ways of resolving dispute. This did not only ensure justice but much reduced the case load in the court system. Alternative dispute resolution techniques There are mainly four type of ADR. First is negotiation. This technique of conflict resolution involves only the type disputing parties voluntarily seeking a solution to their dispute (New York State Unified Court System, 2009). Mediation is another form of dispute resolution technique which mainly involves a third party who chairs the resolution process. It is however to be noted here that the mediator might suggest a solution to the dispute but does not have the legal/moral authority to impose it to the parties. This method is commonly used in resolving civil and ethnic conflicts within a nation or conflicts between nations. The third method of alternative dispute resolution is the collaborative law. This technique is characterized by the fact that it involves attorneys representing the disputing parties (Mareschal, 2002). The legal professionals are tied by the contractual terms signed with their clients and thus are always acting in the interests of their respective party. Arbitration is another commonly used technique of ADR. This form of resolution process is differentiated from negotiation in that it involves a third party. Another difference of arbitration from other forms of ADR is that the third party imposes a resolution to the problem. It is due to this reason that such a technique is usually used if the disputing parties had allowed for such in their contract (Maclaury, 2005). Due to the unfairness that could arise from such imposed resolutions, it is a common provision for parties to appeal in the courts of justice. It should however be noted that there are other forms of ADR such as case evaluation, which involves evaluation of the positions of the parties by a third party. The evaluator then gives an assessment of the possible decision that could be made in the law courts. Such evaluations by a legal expert are made to influence the parties in resolving to settle the case outside the law courts. It is still to be noted that family conferences are another ADR technique as it strengthens the mutual relationships between family members thus reducing incidences of ill-treatment among them (Banks, 2008). Courts or individual parties can select a neutral party who contacts a fact searching investigation on the dispute. This technique is mainly applied in resolving intellectual property disputes. Lastly, ADR can take a form in which an organization selects a third party who oversees the resolution of its disputes with complaints. Changes and options provided in ADR Traditional ADR techniques involved the constant physical involvement of the parties in resolution process. It has however been evident that most modern ADR techniques like meditation and arbitration allow for the founding of a resolution by the third party in the absence of the disputing parties (Banks, 2008). Another change in ADR is seen in arbitration. Traditional arbitrations involved a member of the governing authority as the third party who imposes the resolution to the dispute (Center for Democracy and Governance, 1998). However, this has changed in that modern arbitration process has a neutral commercial vendor as the third party. This party should not have strong social or political influence in the process. This avoids imposition of unfair resolutions to the disputing parties. Another change of ADR techniques in the modern society is the legal provisions for appeal by the parties in the event of failure to resolve the dispute outside courtrooms. It is however to be noted that, following the legal provisions for ADR, rules and regulations have been developed thus making the process more reliable. It is due to this reason that such dispute resolution techniques are gaining much acceptance in the public domain. Courts have evidently employed such techniques as neutral fact finding in seeking to identify the underlying facts behind the dispute. Such testimonies have a great impact in ensuring fair and just judgments in our courts. ADR has a number of options. The first is the fact that the two parties involve in the resolution process on voluntary basis (Maclaury, 2005). Even arbitration requires for a legal binding provision on the contract signing to be executed. Another option is that the parties are free to agree or disagree on the disputed matter and can seek judicial justices as an appeal. It is however to be noted that ADR resolution once agreed upon by the two parties are legally binding and violation by any party is subject to the law. Conclusion ADR has been one way of settling disputes between parties in a contract agreement. This is also applied in disputes involving neglect of a legal responsibility by one party over another. It is however to be realized that such dispute resolution techniques have gained much acceptance in the community due to the increasing respect for human rights space in the modern society. This has also been attributed to the fact that ADR has been legally recognized by our judicial systems. References Banks, S. (2008). ADR and Litigation Involving Social Problems. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35, 71-97. Center for Democracy and Governance. (1998). Alternative Dispute Resolution Practitioners’ Guide. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www. usaid. gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/publications/pdfs/pnacb895. pdf Mackie, K. (2001). A Handbook of Dispute Resolution; ADR in Action. New York: Routledge. Maclaury, J. (2005). Alternative Dispute Resolution. Monthly Labor Review, 128, 46-137. Mareschal, P. (2002). Introduction: New Frontiers in Alternative Dispute Resolution. International Journal of Public Administration, 25, 67-101. New York State Unified Court System (2009). Alternative Dispute Resolution. Retrieved December 11, 2009, from http://www. courts. state. ny. us/ip/adr/What_Is_ADR. shtml How to cite Alternative Dispute Resolution, Papers Alternative Dispute Resolution Free Essays Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a mean used or applied by the parties who wish to settle their disputes or differences outside courtroom. When a learning team decides to resolve disputes, disagreements or differences among learning team members, it can use optional ADR clause. The clause is normally used when the matter is not resolved through negotiation and is recommended to the team by the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR). We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Dispute Resolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the disputes subjected to ADR are: Personal confrontation, dispute over goals, disagreement over methods, means and routines, dispute expected as health interaction etc. Disputes arise when team members think only of themselves, compete with one another, criticize teammates and blame someone else for wrongdoing. Dispute is endemic in organizational life and research shows that â€Å"conflict can often be a means by which teams learn to work together effectively.† (Charles, 2001) The provisions necessary for ADR to occur  Ã‚  Ã‚   includes: If a team member expresses dissatisfaction with the recommendation of the team, if a member expresses dissatisfaction with a decision made by the team, if a member is dissatisfied with teams’ determination to solve a dispute, then they may submit the entire dispute to the ADR clause. Though ADR helps the parties to settle the disputes, for the process to work effectively then; Team members must agree to work with dispute that affect interpersonal relationships of the team and accept the dispute as it exists. Members should progressively learn how to discuss issues vigorously, handle each member and engage in arguments without feeling as if they are personally attacked. They should emphasize on dialogue between the members, avoid gossip and make sure not to expose team discussions outside.   The public policy reasons for enforcing the clause should be good.The ADR clause must go much further than coming up with a simple agreement to negotiate. The intention of the members should be mutual and the litigation should be treated as the last alternative.   ADR need to be applied as the last resort when the team fails to reach an agreement to settle their differences. References Charles A. Cooper, (2001) Alternative Dispute Resolution Practice Guide. New York: Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Company. Nancy F. Atlas, (2000) Alternative Dispute Resolution. New York: American Bar Association. How to cite Alternative Dispute Resolution, Papers

Marketing Management Updated Management Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Updated Management Strategies. Answer: Introduction This era is no doubt proving itself to be one of the most important and useful eras for business as well as marketing. Whatever industry, business or organization it is, the management and the updated strategies are obviously much more beneficial for that particular industry, organization or business. The highly qualified and skilled employees, management and their working process are undoubtedly useful for the business and organizations of this generation. All these latest and more reliable strategies are taken by each and every organization's whether it is a large-scale organization or a small scale organization. Instead of all these ideas and strategies, there are still some specific troubles that the companies and the management of the companies are facing nowadays. These troubles can also be regarded as the ethical issues of marketing. The issues or the problems that the companies are facing with their marketing strategies are mainly known as the ethical issues of those particul ar companies. The following assignment deals with the various aspects of the ethical issues of marketing, its impact on many different companies and how the management of the company deals with these kinds of issues. These issues include some most important aspect of the company such as the promotion, advertising, and loyalty with the customers, behavioral aspect, and many others. Similarly, it is also true that the companies are also implementing modified strategies in order to prevent these ethical issues. The following discussion will obviously help to gather more knowledge about the ethical issues of marketing, their impact and their preventions. Ethical issues in marketing field Whatever company it is, marketing is the most important aspect for the company to run their business successfully(Barnett and Valentine, 2004). The marketing procedure can also be regarded as the soul aspect of any organization. Thus it is the target of every company to perform a more efficient and reliable marketing. Marketing strategies include basically the product analysis, pricing strategies, promotional strategies, placement and some other important aspect. Though this is the most important part of any business the companies often face some specific issues with their marketing, which is known as the ethical issues of marketing. To be more prcised there are certain common types of ethical issues that the company faces. Firstly the relationship of the customers with the management of the company must be pleasant and nice in order to satisfy the customers(Elger, Biller-Andorno and Capron, 2008). The prime goal of any company is to attract as much as customers are possible. For tha t, they have to maintain a nice and pleasant communication with the customer. But sometimes rude behavior or any employee or staff of the company may cause to the negative feedback of the customers which obviously would not be beneficial for the company. Secondly, another issue that the companies of this generation often face is the loyalty issue. According to some customers the companies are not providing products which they are advertising. The company should either show their customers what they are actually providing or they have to provide them the facilities or the service which they are showing or advertising. These are the basic issues that the companies are mostly facing(Godlee, 2011). Other than these there are also some other issues that the companies must look after in order to improve their organization as a whole like the internal working environment of the company as well as the communication of the employees with the management. If the management of the companies beh aves rudely with the employees it may cause disobedience among the employees which will ultimately harm the company. Similarly, if the working environment of the company is not good and not up to the mark in accordance to the employees of the company the workers would not feel comfortable to work which may create another serious issue for the company. These are some basic ethical issues that the companies are facing nowadays(Guffey and Mccartney, 2008). Identification of the ethical issues of Red Rooster To make a strong statement on the ethical issues in marketing it is needed to have a practical knowledge of the actual problems which are harming the companies(Hollingworth and Valentine, 2014). For example, there are many companies in Australia which are having these kinds of problems, Such as the Red Rooster fast food retail chain or organization. This is one of the most famous Australian fast food company having a great management and proper strategies. Being one of the most famous and established organizations in Australia it is quite obvious that they are maintaining their marketing strategies perfectly, but for some time they also had to face some ethical issues which were harming the company as a whole. First of all, they were facing loyalty issues(Hollingworth and Valentine, 2015). They were unable to provide food what they were advertising or they were not able to fulfill the requirement as well as the expectation of their regular customers which was a real drawback for the company, after that there were also some behavioral issues regarding the communication between the customers and the employees. The company had to face a big and serious loss due to these kinds of ethical issues and not only this but these issues also hampered their reputation in the market(Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The management of the company took the charge to identify the issues and to implement proper strategies to remove the problems. They first performed an internal analysis of the organization and implemented some latest and modified strategies in order to improve their working procedure as well as their working environment. The management also looked after the behavioral aspect of the organization for the betterment of the communication between the customers and the employees. This example clearly states that how much harmful these ethical issues can be and how they should be prevented(Lipworth, 2013). Identification of the ethical issues of Red Bubble From the above passage it is quite clear that the ethical issues can be really harmful to any company, for example, another famous Australian retail company Red Bubble had to face a destructive loss or downfall just because of some of the ethical issues like the internal issues like the communication between the workers and the superior managers and the human resource managers(Malhotra, 2008). Red Bubble is one of the most famous and settled retail and clothing companies in Australia, still, they were about to be bankrupt because of these ethical issues, the management of the company being actually efficient and dedicated towards their work the company survived otherwise they would have to cease their business(Milisavljevic, 2013). the management of the company was running their business in an impressive manner, but suddenly some internal problems occurred which hampered the working environment and also harmed the communication between the employees of the companies and the managemen t. According to some of the employees, they were not getting proper support and help from their managers, as well as their co-workers which created disobedience among them and them, decided to stop the work(Raina, 2015). This phenomenon turned out to be very destructive for the organization as a whole. To prevent these issues and to save the whole company from being bankrupt the management and the higher authority of the company decided to take some serious and strict steps and they performed an internal analysis to identify the source of the problem. According to various surveys, they took some bold steps to remove the mentioned problems from the companies. These are the main ethical issues which are harming the companies of this generation very much. Other than these there are also some other aspects or issues that the management of the company should be concerned off such as the training procedure of the fresher employees, the production procedure then, the promotional strategy a nd the pricing strategy. Pricing strategy is another issue that the companies are facing. If the company could not determine a proper and justified price to the product or the service they would never be able to attract more customers. These are basically the issues that are harming the companies(Weir, Olick and Murray, 2004). The above-mentioned two examples are discussed to make a strong statement on the ethical issues of marketing. Conclusion From the above passages, it must be admitted that the ethical issues of marketing play a vital role in the up gradation as well as the degradation of the company. Whatever company it is, it would have to face some kind of ethical issues sometimes. Ethical issues are something that could hamper any of the vital aspects of an organization like the customer feedback, production procedure, employee satisfaction and many other aspects. thus in order to make a steady business or organization the management of the organization must be more aware of the ethical issues of marketing and must be prepared for any kind of ethical problems. For that the company should also maintain some basic guidelines such as recruiting efficient and dedicated employees, appointing a reliable and experienced trainer to teach the fresher properly. These are some basic responsibility that the company or the management of the company must follow in order to get rid of these kinds of ethical issues. In all the essay helps to understand the various aspects of the ethical issues of marketing. References Barnett, T. and Valentine, S. (2004). Issue contingencies and marketers' recognition of ethical issues, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions.Journal of Business Research, 57(4), pp.338-346. Elger, B., Biller-Andorno, N. and Capron, A. (2008).Ethical Issues in Governing Biobanks. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Godlee, F. (2011). Cost is an ethical issue.BMJ, 342(may04 3), pp.d2813-d2813. Guffey, D. and Mccartney, M. (2008). The Perceived Importance of an Ethical Issue as a Determinant of Ethical Decision-making for Accounting Students in an Academic Setting.Accounting Education, 17(3), pp.327-348. Hollingworth, D. and Valentine, S. (2014). The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organizational Ethical Context on Employees Ethical Issue Recognition and Ethical Judgments.J Bus Ethics, 128(2), pp.457-466. Hollingworth, D. and Valentine, S. (2015). Erratum to: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organizational Ethical Context on Employees Ethical Issue Recognition and Ethical Judgments.J Bus Ethics, 128(2), pp.467-467. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2006).Principles of marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lipworth, W. (2013). Why drug shortages are an ethical issue.Australasian Medical Journal, 6(11), pp.556-559. Malhotra, N. (2008).Review of marketing research. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Milisavljevic, M. (2013). Value oriented strategic marketing.Marketing, 44(4), pp.299-309. Raina, S. (2015). An ethical issue at follow-up.Neurol India, 63(2), p.294. Weir, R., Olick, R. and Murray, J. (2004).The stored tissue issue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.